Chapter Three
three. Supplies and techniques
three.1. Introduction/Background
The subsequent chapter outlines intimately the technique used to find experiences of land reclamation after mining in Ghana. It begins with the define of the look at house and ends with the analysis of the knowledge. To achieve the above mentioned targets, this thesis utilized a radical literature consider and empirical data assortment method.
three.2. Description of the look at house
The first space was Accra, the place most of the consultants interviews have been carried out. That’s the place a very powerful ministries (authorities institutions) and stakeholders liable for the insurance coverage insurance policies and guidelines shaping reclamation and mining is located.
As well as they guided inside the variety of areas and districts the place mining actions have been intense.
Ashanti space was then choosing for the sector work as guided by literature (Appiah, 2018; Osei, 2016) (Opoku et al., 2015;) use additional literatures and key informant interviews. Attributable to time, financial and logistic constraints the look at chosen seven cities (Pemenasi, Menti, Achiase, Enumso, Konongo Odumase, Adwareago and Beposo) inside the space.
The chosen cities signify numerous the primary mining areas and the place reclamation has been worthwhile or failed.
Decide 1. Depicts the first areas considered inside the look at. Use the model new map of Ghana 16 areas
Provide: Barely modified google map.
three.three. The Evaluation Design
An intensive literature consider was carried out purposely to answer the first purpose (set up insurance coverage insurance policies shaping land reclamation) and the second purpose of describing internationally worthwhile most interesting reclamation practices after mining. By a pairwise comparability, the findings from the literature have been analysed using SWOTs. This was helpful to match the strengths and weak spot of the practices. In the course of the exact fieldwork, most of the preliminary findings have been confirmed by consultants, group discussions, household stage interviews and confirmed in quite a lot of non-public observations and topic visits (Loos et al., 2018). Insurance coverage insurance policies and framework paperwork governing mining and reclamation have been moreover analysed in the middle of the consider.
Along with, the literature consider enabled the singling out of the numerous institutions, consultants and stakeholders involved in land reclamation, thus making a pathway for addressing the third and the fourth targets, analyse land reclamation practices carried out in Ghana and research challenges in implementing internationally worthwhile most interesting land reclamation practices respectively.
Firstly, key informants from Tropenbos Worldwide Ghana, have been interviewed and requested to name completely different associated stakeholders. Using the technique of snowball sampling, the acknowledged actors similar to miners, farmer groups, NGOs, and plenty of others. have been visited, interviewed and requested to suggest additional respondents. On this way, there was an rising picture of the actors involved inside the reclamation neighborhood. These actors, nonetheless, had in depth experience and knowledge on mining and reclamation in Ghana.
Space work and data assortment handed off from the months of June 24 to August 9, 2019. Every achieved and uncompleted initiatives (effectively reclaimed and unclaimed web sites) have been visited. Coupled with the above, 25 questionnaires each have been administered to the four of the seven communities (Pemenasi, Adwareago, Beposo and Konongo-Odumase) inside the Ashanti space. In all, 100 household interviews bought. This was to assemble quite a lot of data on socio-economic traits, land reclamation experiences and perceptions of the respondents inside the communities.
To facilitate the sector visits, group discussions and the interviews inside the communities, taxes and motor bikes have been used as logistics the place wanted on account of poor freeway neighborhood connecting the communities. It was doable to go to some large-scale mining firms the place reclamation has been achieved nonetheless initiatives paperwork and pictures weren’t given out and allowed respectively and due to this fact have been saved confidential. Complementing the interviews, focus group discussions and literature consider with mapping of the reclamation neighborhood allowed for the analysis of the current reclamation state of affairs and potential future progress.
three.4.1. Net-Mapping Software program
It’s a participatory social neighborhood mapping instrument, developed by Schiffer (2007) and used for the visualization of varied actors and their linkages (Adu-Poku, 2018). The instrument was to ascertain all of the necessary factor players inside the reclamation neighborhood and to investigates the connection that exist between them. In the 1st step, the researcher outlined the purpose of the look at and the best way the map works to the respondent (s). Relating to the current look at, two foremost questions of the net-map have been considered. They included;
1. Who’re the actors involved inside the reclamation practices in Ghana? Respondent (s) was (have been) requested to ascertain stakeholders involved inside the implementation of reclamation practices. Additional actors or organizations which can play a process in supporting or influencing mining and reclamation have been talked about (Loos, 2018). The actors have been then categorized and well-known on a clear sheet of paper, like Din A2.
2. How are the actors linked? For this the respondent (s) was (have been) requested to ascertain the prevailing and non-existing relationships between the fully completely different actors. The linkages have been then differentiated into (i) knowledge and data flows (ii) stream of funds affecting reclamation. (iii) conflicts.
On this look at, fund flows have been regarded as an amount of money allotted for reclamation actions; knowledge flows have been outlined as a result of the change of information, expertise, consciousness creation and training and functionality developing (Adu-Gyamfi, 2018). Conflicts have been these associated to disputes or misunderstandings referring to leasing a piece of land (concession) for mining, these between the large-scale miners and the small-scale miners and finally these between mining firms and the native communities.
To level out the linkages on the paper, fully completely different sided arrows have been used to suggest the route of the interaction among the many many actors. Further knowledge on the challenges of implementing worldwide worthwhile reclamation practices have been obtained by discussing the map with the associated respondent (s). This enabled doable in-depth understanding regarding the respondents reasoning of why some players are additional important and the best way fully completely different linkages work (Loos et al., 2018). These respondent (s), nonetheless, have been chosen based mostly totally on their involvement inside the reclamation practices (experiences). Using referral sampling, additional in-depth interviews have been carried out to exhaust skilled knowledge (Adu-Gyamfi, 2018). The extent of particulars with reference to the actors and their linkages differ from one Net-Map to the other. The number of Net-Maps drawn (10) in the middle of the topic work have been based mostly totally on the assertion that the institutions weren’t rising. Thus, additional map was not contributing to the understanding of the reclamation system. The respondents included Regulating Ministries (Minerals Payment, Forestry Payment, Lands Payment, Environmental Security Firm (EPA), Ministry of Lands and Pure Sources), Treasured Minerals and Promoting and advertising and marketing Agency (PMMC), Chiefs, Farmers, Miners, Opinion Leaders, District Assembly, Representatives of small and large-scale firms, District Chief Executives (DCEs), NGOs similar to Tropenbos, Solidaridad, Wassa Affiliation of Communities Affected by Mining (WACAM) and Companions of Nature Africa, Group members.
In all, this look at carried out 22 in-depth interviews, eight focus group discussions have been organized, and 10 Net-Maps have been drawn as confirmed in desk 1. To amass assorted and rich views and perceptions on reclamation practices in Ghana, quite a few institutions have been visited. The summary of the institutions involved inside the semi-structured interview is found inside the desk beneath.
Desk 1: Summary of the Consultants and FGDs Interviews and the Net-Maps drawn inside the look at
Stakeholders/Institutions Used Net-Maps Direct/Personal FGDs Interviews
Observation1
Regulating Ministries 2 three
NGOs 4 9 three 4
Farmers3 1 2 4
Miners2 2 three 6
Market Actors/Retailers 1 1
Opinion leaders/Chiefs 4
1: Involved visiting effectively reclaimed and unclaimed web sites. 2: Are reps of Big- and Small-Scale Mining firms along with illegal miners. three: Or neighborhood members
three.4.2. Structured questionnaires
The household data was collected with the assistance of 25 structured open-ended questionnaires by way of non-public interviews of the respondents in four (Pemenasi, Adwareago, Beposo and Konongo-Odumase) out of the seven communities chosen. These are communities affected by mining and reclamation. The questions revolved spherical demographic choices of the respondents along with their frequent experiences in reclamation practices. To check for achievement of the response worth by the respondents the questionnaires have been pretested and adjusted accordingly. In all, 100 household interviews have been administered.
three.4.2. Semi-Structured Interviews
These interviews have been carried out with fundamental institutional actors working in mining and reclamation sector. Case (1990) had already mentioned that frequent questions in Semi-Structured interviews served as basic questions for additional detailed questions which may come up in the midst of the interview. Confirming the above, many questions have been moreover created in the middle of the interview, to allow for additional flexibility for the interviewer and the respondents (Case, 1990; loos et la 2018).
Open-ended questions have been used purposely to cowl the detailed responses of the respondents opinion on the insurance coverage insurance policies and practices of land reclamation and challenges involved in implementing these practices in Ghana. Sooner than the interview, permission was sought from the respondents purposely to file the interviews. Moreover, interviewees responses have been restated to verify member checks. This allowed for readability inside the responses (Guba and Lincoln, 1989). Triangulation was moreover ensured by reviewing associated protection paperwork and enterprise research (Adu-Gyamfi, 2018). In keeping with Johnson Honorene (2016, para 2), triangulation is a stronger methodological instrument that facilitates validation of data by way of cross verification from two or additional sources. Loads of the recorded interviews have been inside the native language (Twi). Thus, these have been then translated and transcribed to English language for simple analysis (Obafemi, 2019).
three.4.three. Personal Observations
This included direct inspection of the numerous mining web sites the place reclamation had been carried out. This assertion was wanted to find out how the numerous reclamation practices have been worthwhile or failed. Notable web sites visited have been these each reclaimed by an NGO or the neighborhood. This step allowed for utilizing SWOT analysis. Furthermore, films and pictures have been taken to enhance and supported the evaluation.
three.5. Information Assortment and Analysis
This half captures the methodology used for the analysis of the knowledge collected. Thus, a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. In addition to, fully completely different administration land reclamation practices have been analysed using fully completely different devices generally called SWOT analysis and black area technique.
The qualitative and the quantitative methods included utilizing participatory mapping instrument (Net-map), structured questionnaires, semi-structured in-depth interviews with consultants and key informants, focus group discussions and personal assertion. The look at made use of secondary data by way of the consider of printed literature, research of ministries and completely different associated organizations along with School dissertations revolving spherical Mining and land reclamation (Loos et al., 2018).
three.5.1. Qualitative Analysis
Firstly, content material materials analysis was used to ascertain recurring and patterns or distinctive themes from the qualitative interview responses. They’ve been then analysed inductively (Berg et al., 2004). In keeping with Bowen (2006, p. 2) cited by Obafemi (2019), Inductive analysis signifies that the patterns, themes and courses of analysis come from the knowledge; they emerge out of the knowledge pretty than being imposed on them earlier to data assortment and analysis. The experiences of the practices involved inside the reclamation have been moreover subjected to SWOT analysis.
three.5.2. Quantitative analysis
On this look at, data on basic demographic choices of the respondents similar to age, religion, gender, marital standing, earnings stage, tutorial stage and profession have been first organized in a Microsoft excel 2010 after which subjected to descriptive statistics of frequency distribution, percentages and cumulative share using a statistical bundle STATA 14.
4. Uniqueness of the Analysis
Various works have been produced on mining and reclamation, however none has used Net-Map as a qualitative evaluation method. This thesis, resulting from this reality, contribute to the physique of information by making use of a participatory social Net-Mapping method. Net-Map has been utilized in numerous evaluation areas inside the literature (Birner & Poku, 2017; Lin, Gupta, Loos, & Birner, 2019; Loos, Hoppe, Dzomeku, & Scheiterle, 2018; Poku, Gupta, & Birner, 2016) nonetheless has scarcely or certainly not been used to evaluate mining and reclamation. GIZ used net-map to evaluate xxxx
References
Appiah, M. Okay. (2018). Promoting small-scale mining sector corporations and the place of institutions-a battle prevention and spine look at in Ghana. Zepplin School.
Birner, R., & Poku, A.-G. (2017). Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Governance of Rising Biomass-Based totally Price Webs in Africa?: Case Analysis from Ghana.
Lin, J., Gupta, S., Loos, T. Okay., & Birner, R. (2019). Alternate options and challenges inside the Ethiopian bamboo sector: A market analysis of the bamboo-based price web. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(6).
Loos, T. Okay., Hoppe, M., Dzomeku, B. M., & Scheiterle, L. (2018). The potential of plantain residues for the ghanaian bioeconomy-assessing the current fiber price web. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12).
Osei, P. D. (2016). ASSESSMENT OF REHABILITATED SURFACE MINE LANDS USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY. (October).
Poku, A., Gupta, S., & Birner, R. (2016). Solidarity in a competing world truthful use of sources Governance Challenges inside the Liberalisation of the Enterprise Maize Seed System in Africa?: A Case Analysis of Ghana.
References
Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative Evaluation Methods for the Social Sciences (Fourth). Needham: Pearson Education Agency.
Bitsch, V. (2005). Qualitative Evaluation: A Grounded Idea Occasion and Evaluation Requirements. Journal of Agribusiness, 23(1), 7591.
Case, D. The Groups Toolbox: The Thought, Methods and Devices for Participatory Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation in Group Forestry; FAO: Bangkok, Thailand, 1990; pp. 1146.
