Multinational and multicultural seafarers and MET students : a socio-cultural study for improving maritime safety and the education of seafarers

MULTINATIONAL AND MULTICULTURAL
SEAFARERS AND MET STUDENTS: A SOCIOCULTURAL STUDY FOR IMPROVING
MARITIME SAFETY AND THE EDUCATION OF
SEAFARERS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Being considered one of many World Maritime School’s faculty college students was one in every of what I had
dreamed of. When the dream received right here true, I promised to myself and people who
supported me that I won’t make them disillusioned. The challenges, arduous situations
and joyful situations have been the romance of life on this world-class faculty. I could
not go these situations with out helps. As a result of The Almighty Allah who on a regular basis
presents me His bless with properly being and spirit. With out His enable, I would on no account be in
Malmö. I need to categorical my good trustworthy to The Nippon Foundation who
current the donor by Sasakawa Fellowship program to assist my analysis at
World Maritime School (WMU).
I lengthen my appreciation to my institution, Service supplier Marine Polytechnics of
Makassar (PIP Makassar), the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation’s Education
and Teaching Firm and Maritime Education and Teaching Coronary heart, as a result of the Maritime
Administration, who nominated and granted me to attend the analysis at WMU.
My good appreciation can be handed on to those at WMU : Professor Takeshi
Nakazawa, the highest of MET specialization, for motivating me; Professor Jan Horck,
as a result of the Supervisor of my dissertation, for giving the valuable advices, corrections,
suggestions and provides to assist my dissertation; Mr. Clive Cole as my English
language supervisor; all WMU professors and lectures that are not talked about on this
paper; all completely different WMU employees and librarians; and all my colleagues and respondents
who’ve given the good assist for the completion of this dissertation.
I am moreover grateful to those onboard quite a few ships as a result of the respondents for the good
contribution, significantly beneath Kustvaartbedrijf Moerman BV agency. They’ve
utterly glad reside onboard although the crews are of assorted nationalities. The ultimate and the
greatest, my beloved husband Susetyo Hari Mardhiko, my son Satrio Hanif Tanribali
Susetyo and my mother Dinar Sehu. Thanks for on a regular basis giving me the spirit and
motivation to take care of me deal with my analysis and actually really feel comfortable after I’m
away. May Allah bless you all.
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ABSTRACT
Title of Dissertation : Multinational and Multicultural Seafarers and MET
School college students: A Socio-cultural Analysis For Bettering
Maritime Safety and the Education of Seafarers.
Diploma : Grasp of Science
The declining number of seafarers from major ship proprietor worldwide areas (EU, USA,
Japan, and so forth) has been considered one of many causes which pushed the ship householders and
employers to man their ships with crews from quite a few nationalities. The tendency to
make use of multinational crews simply is not with none disadvantage. The implications for every
the employers and the crews, similar to miscommunication, communication
constraints, alienation and discrimination attributable to race, custom and religion
variations, can’t be prevented. These penalties might end in crucial safety
risks on board when not being overcome. This dissertation will consider the tendency
of utilizing multinational/multicultural crews, along with the cultural background
and traits which are divided into two major components, i.e. Western and Japanese.
Evaluation and investigation outcomes on the multicultural crewing are analyzed and
examined and literatures are thought of to judge the effectiveness and points
which might come up from the mixed-crews employment, along with the inspiration causes of
the difficulty. The use and effectiveness of maritime English as maritime frequent
language is evaluated.
The concluding chapter provides some options and proposals relating to
with the need of various custom coaching/familiarization for seafarers and cadets.
This will likely more and more revenue the seafarers and employers themselves as a result of the crews is likely to be additional
adaptive when assigned to the ships with blended nationality crews. Thence, the
cooperation and dealing environment amongst crew is likely to be larger with out one being
alienated by the others. That’s for one purpose: safety.
Key phrases : Multicultural seafarers, Maritime safety, Human part, Sociocultural analysis, Technical and delicate experience, Education and training.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Net web page
Declaration ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Desk of Contents v
Itemizing of Figures viii
Itemizing of Tables x
Itemizing of Abbreviations xi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective and goals 2
1.2 Background of a world maritime dilemma 2
1.Three Assertion of the problems Three
1.4 The significance of the analysis 4
1.5 Evaluation questions 4
1.6 Creator’s pre-comprehension 4
1.7 Full evaluation summary 5
1.eight Dissertation outline 6
Chapter 2 Multicultural Crews – Cultural Selection eight
2.1 World custom eight
2.2 Japanese and Western cultures 10
2.Three Yin and Yang philosophy: The concept of harmony 12
2.4 A worldwide maritime dilemma in multinational and multicultural crews 13
2.5 Supply challenges with multinational crews 17
2.6 Chapter conclusion 19
Chapter Three A Socio-cultural Analysis For Bettering Maritime Safety 21
Three.1 The Human part 22
Three.1.1 Communication experience 25
Three.1.2 Human relationships and social interactions 28
Three.1.Three Behaviour 29
vi
Three.1.4 Cultural intelligence 29
Three.1.5 Administration 31
Three.2 Custom shock 33
Three.Three Adaptation and adjustment 35
Three.4 Relevance with a reference to maritime safety 36
Three.5 Chapter conclusion 37
Chapter 4 Evaluation Methodology 39
4.1 Qualitative and quantitative methods 39
4.2 Evaluation development 40
4.Three The questionnaire 41
4.4 The dialog 42
Chapter 5 Survey Findings 43
5.1 Respondent demography 43
5.2 Respondents’ expert backgrounds 44
5.Three Survey findings 45
5.Three.1 Seafarers 45
5.Three.2 Non-seafarers 50
5.4 Sample from the respondents options 54
5.5 Chapter conclusion 59
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 61
6.1 Conclusion 61
6.2 Analysis options 64
Chapter 7 Dialogue 66
7.1 Further remarks 66
7.2 Extra evaluation 68
7.Three Weaknesses of the current analysis 68
References 70
Appendices 78
Appendix A Variations between Westerners and Asians 78
Appendix B Custom shock adaptation and adjustment 80
Appendix C Request letter to the respondents 81
Appendix D Itemizing of respondents that returned questionnaires 82
Appendix E Dialog topics (Seafarers) 84
vii
Appendix F Questionnaire (Seafarers) 85
Appendix G Questionnaire (Non-seafarers) 87
Appendix H Summary of respondents (Seafarers) 89
Appendix I Summary of respondents (Non-seafarers) 92
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Net web page
Decide 1 WMU Worldwide Day’s event, 2010 9
Decide 2 Yin and Yang picture 13
Decide Three Quite a few hazards 16
Decide 4 World fleet developments 17
Decide 5 A ten-year sample of accidents attributed to human error 22
Decide 6 Foremost causes of casualties 23
Decide 7 Diagram of custom shock 33
Decide eight Evaluation development 40
Decide 9 Respondents’ demography 43
Decide 10 Expert background 44
Decide 11 Seafarers which have sailed with multinational crews 45
Decide 12 Did your group require satisfactory English language every written
and spoken of you?
46
Decide 13 What language did you utilize to talk onboard ship? 46
Decide 14 Do you uncover any variations between crew members from Western
and Japanese cultures?
46
Decide 15 What provide of variations did you uncover? 46
Decide 16 Did you might need experience constraints/points work with mixedcrews?
47
Decide 17 Constrains/points with mixed-crews onboard ship 47
Decide 18 Did you socialize with completely different mixed-crews after obligation? 47
Decide 19 Are Human relations and social interactions very important? 47
Decide 20 Is the socio-cultural technique very important inside the multinational
environment onboard ships?
48
Decide 21 Do you assume socio-cultural technique can harmonize the working
environment?
48
ix
Decide 22 Respondent’s view on Socio-cultural coaching and if it helps
seafarers dealing with mixed-crews on board ship.
49
Decide 23 Should the socio-culture subject be included inside the curriculum? 50
Decide 24 Should IMO recommend a publication (guideline associated with Model
Packages Three.17 or the SMCP) related to socio-cultural subject.
50
Decide 25 Multinational and multicultural is an issue inside the maritime
commerce.
51
Decide 26 Is it simple to adapt and to manage to the multinational and multicultural
environment?
51
Decide 27 Did you might need any experience of custom shock? 51
Decide 28 What sources of constraints/points did you uncover? 51
Decide 29 Human relations and social interactions are needed. 52
Decide 30 Cultural intelligence is essential inside the multinational & multicultural
environment.
52
Decide 31 Do you assume the socio-cultural technique improves the human
part and maritime safety?
53
Decide 32 Is socio-cultural coaching important to be equipped in maritime
institutions?
53
Decide 33 Your authorities (Maritime Administration) should take initiative to
current smart analysis/curriculum for enhancing cultural consciousness
(social experience) and recommend it to IMO when attainable.
53
x
LIST OF TABLES
Net web page
Desk 1 Variations between Western and Asian: Values, Communication
sorts and Organizational patterns.
11
Desk 2 Number of EU and non-EU seafarers onboard EU registered
ships.
18
Desk Three Maritime accidents attributable to cultural and language points. 24
xi
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
EU : European Union
IAMU : Worldwide Affiliation of Maritime Universities
IMLA : Worldwide Maritime Lecturers Affiliation
IMO : Worldwide Maritime Group
ISM : Worldwide Safety Administration
ITF : Worldwide Commerce Federation
MET : Maritime Education Institution
OECD : Group for Monetary Co-operation and Enchancment
SMCP : Customary Maritime Communication Phrases
SMNV : Customary Marine Navigational Vocabulary
SOLAS : Safety of Life at Sea
STCW : Customary Teaching Certification and Watch preserving
UK : United Kingdom
USA : America of America
WMU : World Maritime School
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
“Custom is a complicated system of interrelated components that should be understood
holistically.”
(Harris et al., 2007, p. 10)
Today, the supply commerce has developed rapidly on account of superior
experience and human desires, the involved occasions along with ship householders and
Maritime Education and Teaching (MET) institutions. On this respect, the worldwide
supply fleet is challenged to reinforce maritime safety; significantly the human
part is a severe priority. The human concern and maritime safety are two
interrelated parts in supply. These components render human conduct and
effectivity as potential major components in maritime safety. Moreover, it ought to
be well-known that the marine commerce should make the human part a key concern.
IMO has put the human concern as an essential concern. That’s confirmed by the fairly just a few
actions and guidelines made by IMO significantly for this matter (de Oses et al.,
2002).
A major concern of the supply commerce tends to focus on multinational seafarers,
because of a variety of companies man their fleets with cross-cultural crews. The
service supplier fleet is a world workplace and has an prolonged customized crusing with
crews that characterize many different nationalities; two thirds of the world service supplier
marine vessels have crews which is likely to be multinational and multilingual (Horck, 2005).
2
Consequently, worldwide supply requires seafarers to have competence not
solely in technical experience, however moreover non-technical experience, light experience. With multinational
working circumstances aboard ships, culturally mixed-crews should adapt and
cooperate every socially and professionally. Since most accidents and incidents are
introduced on by human error today, this concern is important. Subsequently, top quality
seafaring has been taken considerably by IMO as is the existence of seafarers. This has
been emphasised by the Secretary Frequent of IMO, Eftimious E. Mitropoulos in his
assertion to the world that 2010 is the Yr of Seafarer (IMO Council, 2009).
1.1 Objective and goals
The purpose of this dissertation is to make readers (significantly the maritime society)
discover and develop to take heed to the importance of a socio-cultural coaching in
multinational supply with a goal to cut back the safety risks. The discussions primarily
think about the socio-cultural technique inside the delicate of the human part (human
concern). The goals of current dissertation are to:
1. Describe the multicultural manning phenomenon in maritime supply today.
2. Decide and deal with the precept points/constraints of custom shock inside
mixed-crews onboard ship.
Three. Speak about and analyze the place of the socio-cultural technique in multinational and
multicultural supply with a goal to reinforce maritime safety.
4. Speak about and analyze the place of concerned occasions, similar to MET institutions,
Maritime administrations and IMO, inside the implementation of a socio-cultural
analysis of seafarers.
5. Formulate suggestion(s) related to socio-cultural teaching in maritime
institutions and supply/manning companies.
1.2 Background of a world maritime dilemma
The enlargement of the worldwide supply fleet contributes to the employment of
seafarers from completely completely different worldwide areas to work every at sea and/or ashore. Particularly,
the number of seafarers has declined inside the European Union (EU) given that early
Three
1980s. Regarding this phenomenon, the employment of multinational seafarers has
develop to be a difficulty for the ship householders.
A future disadvantage of scarcity of nationals going to sea is the attainable affect of the
recruitment of foreigners to work inside the head locations of labor of the supply commerce. This
turns right into a model new downside because it is not a simple job for the householders and the supply
companies to recruit crews from completely completely different nationalities. It will develop till there is a
sustainable method on how one can work collectively and make a fantastic cooperation with a lot much less
prejudice and stereotyping on this multicultural-setting (Horck, 2005). Regarding this,
the human part have to be put because the foremost priority to harmonize the working
circumstances inside the multicultural and multilingual environments. Wherever they’re
from, they should work collectively professionally and socially, and that’s for safety
causes. Supply companies (Horck, 2004). Along with the multinational crewing
dilemma, one different burden is the decrease inside the number of seafarers. In actuality, this
occupation simply is not a lifelong career. It is thought-about that being a seafarer, is presently
not attractive. Although the supply commerce is rising, adequate seafarers are
not obtainable to fulfill the requirements of the commerce.
The challenges of multinational crews in supply have to be realized by the
concerned occasions along with MET institutions. Particularly, there isn’t any such factor as a proper
coaching equipped relating to the multicultural lifetime of seafarers. The concept of
multicultural analysis is one part of the human part which have to be formulated.
However, there are nonetheless professionals and cons that should be talked about. Irrespective of the professionals
and cons are, multicultural analysis is principally aimed to fulfill the supply commerce’s
expectation of top of the range supply and top quality crews.
1.Three Assertion of the problems
The challenges relating to multinational and multicultural seafarers in worldwide
supply are highlighted in discussions. Moreover, the problems are emphasised in
this dissertation, as follows:
 Communication points.
 Selection downside (multicultural downside).
 Reducing curiosity of a seafaring career.
4
 Cultural coaching challenges in MET institutions and in supply companies.
1.4 The significance of the analysis
The essence of this analysis is to hunt the seafarer’s complete effectivity in ship
manning contained in the multicultural and multilingual environment. The significance of
this analysis emphasizes the useful socio-cultural technique inside the maritime topic in
dealing with the multicultural crew’s environment onboard, so that they work in
harmony to reinforce safety. The matter of the human part can be highlighted in
this analysis. In relation to individuals, socio-cultural teaching can present advantages for
seafarers in enhancing cross-cultural consciousness, communication experience and good
administration in multinational supply. In making use of this course, related occasions should
work collectively by issuing a publication (similar to a tenet) with a goal to note a
socio-cultural coaching and its curriculum design in MET institutions. By providing
such a form of coaching for cadets/seafarers, at least incidents and accidents
introduced on by communication and cultural points (human errors) could also be prevented.
1.5 Evaluation questions
Numerous concepts and ideas to be seen in relation with multinational and
multicultural seafarers inside the context of socio-cultural technique are as observe:
1. What are the precept challenges related to multinational crews onboard ships?
2. Is a socio-cultural technique needed with a goal to reinforce safety in multinational
supply?
Three. Why is the socio-cultural technique very important in multinational supply?
4. Should maritime institutions conduct a socio-cultural course?
5. Should IMO recommend a publication (a tenet very like Model Course Three.17;
or the SMCP) related to the socio-cultural subject?
1.6 Creator’s pre-comprehension
A wonderful dissertation could also be very rather a lot relying on how the researcher can assist the
evaluation. The creator has collected data from questionnaires and conversations
sooner than a textual analysis. The creator’s instructional background together with gender
5
has a serious significance for the reader to guage the fruitfulness of the
evaluation report (Horck, 2006). The relevance of an creator’s professionalism, pure
perspective and her historic context are subsequently an infinite concern for the reader. On this
case, the creator’s empathy to the samples has developed her understanding and
effort in making the observations. The motivation and concern with the individuals and
socio-cultural aspects contained in the evaluation are associated to the creator’s curiosity,
educational background and career on the MET institution in Indonesia. Subsequently,
the creator believes that from a socio-cultural point-of-view, seafarers could also be additional
adaptive to cultural diversities and to customize themselves inside variations.
The assertion emphasizes the human part in multinational supply. After
being educated at Photo voltaic Moon School in South Korea, the creator understands the
significance of multinational environments, not solely academically, however moreover socially.
Communication experience, social relationships and good cooperation amongst faculty college students
and civil societies are essential to be thought of in human
relationships. Her data inside the grade transcripts from Photo voltaic Moon School
comprises worldwide and Korean Cultures and Confucianism. The analysis was
completed in a single 12 months. Having studied social science and human analysis at
Hasanuddin School, Indonesia, this has made her understand the socio-cultural
aspects of the human being. In 2009 to 2010, the creator studied at World Maritime
School in Malmö, Sweden inside the specialization Maritime Education and Teaching
(MET). This led her to conduct the assertion in selection which has sturdy
relevance with the multinational and multicultural issues with seafarers and nonseafarers. The excellence can solely be seen from the bodily atmosphere: on land
and the rest at sea, as a workplace. The creator believes that self-learning could also be very
way more environment friendly to face precise circumstances significantly in numerous environments.
1.7 Full evaluation summary
On account of speedy development in supply commerce, the entire maritime concerned
occasions are challenged to reinforce maritime safety, significantly to the human part
because the foremost priority. The human concern and maritime safety are two interrelated
parts in supply. The worldwide supply fleet is rising and subsequently it
requires additional employment of multicultural crews. Seafarers are required to have
every technical and delicate experience/competences. Concerning this, MET institutions are
6
challenged with providing the seafarers with every experience. As there could also be nonetheless no particular
model course for the light experience, MET is impressed to run such packages on a
proactive base. Beside the challenges of multinational and multicultural crewing, the
decreasing number of seafarers reveals that seafaring presently simply is not a attractive
occupation. This has develop to be a dilemma in enterprise supply.
1.eight Dissertation outline
This dissertation describes and analyzes the phenomenon of multicultural crew
employment, its benefits and downsides, the importance of the socio-cultural
aspect in multinational and multicultural supply along with proposing the choices
relating to the matter talked about. The content material materials is eight chapters, as follows:
Chapter 1, Introduction: identifies the purpose and goals of the analysis being to
improve the seafarer’s adaptive performance to multinational and multicultural
circumstances, and describes the background of the worldwide maritime dilemma. This
chapter moreover affirms the assertion of the problems, the significance of the analysis and
observations. The creator’s pre-comprehension and outline are moreover supplied on this
chapter.
Chapter 2, Multicultural crews-a cultural selection: describes principally worldwide custom
and the Yin and Yang philosophy as a result of the thought of harmony, along with presenting
the variations between Western and Japanese cultures. This chapter moreover affirms the
worldwide maritime dilemma of multinational crews that this has develop to be an issue in
worldwide supply.
Chapter Three, A Socio-cultural analysis enhancing maritime Safety: analyses and
discusses a variety of aspects related to the human part, similar to: communication
experience, human relationships and social interactions, conduct, cultural intelligence and
administration. The affect of a world custom is apparent inside the presence of custom
shock. This can be solved by adaptation and adjustment, and is supported by
reference to maritime safety.
Chapter 4, Evaluation methodology: presents the qualitative and quantitative
approaches which is likely to be utilized in survey data and it affirms the development of the evaluation.
The methods of questionnaires and conversations are prescribed on this chapter.
7
Chapter 5, Survey findings: presents the demography and professional description
of the respondents. The supply challenges introduced on by cross-cultural seafarers
assigned in chapter three are acknowledged and analyzed. Proper right here, survey findings focus
on determining and analyzing the data measurement taken from seafarers and nonseafarers respondents. This chapter moreover presents opinions and suggestions from
conversations which were built-in inside the matter sample from the respondents’
options.
Chapter 6, Conclusion and proposals: concludes the findings with the
creator’s private part of the chapter and formulates a few options on the
factors talked about.
Chapter 7, Dialogue: discusses a variety of remarks that are not primarily related to
the sample nonetheless are needed to make the picture full. This chapter moreover
proposes extra evaluation along with presenting weaknesses of the current analysis.
The creator is de facto part of the analysis as a result of conversations.
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CHAPTER 2
MULTICULTURAL CREWS – CULTURAL DIVERSITY
“Broadly, speaking, Western society strives to go looking out and present “the truth”, whereas
Japanese society accepts the truth as given and is additional interested by discovering the
stability. Westerners put additional stock particularly particular person rights; Easterners in social
responsibly”.
(Bibikova et al., 2001)
2.1 World custom
The premise of the phrase custom is the Latin colere which means to cultivate. It is outlined
as a complete that makes up every human being on earth (Wikipedia, 2010). The
traits of regularly existence (as a diversion of a life-style) are shared by
of us in a spot or in a time with customary beliefs, social varieties, and supplies traits
of an ethnic and social group. Moreover, custom is anxious with the senses of efficient
arts, humanities and the broad aspects of science as distinguished from vocational
and technical experience (Merriam-webmaster, 2010). Custom principally is anxious
with beliefs and values on the premise of which people interpret experiences and
behave; individually and in groups. Broadly and simply: custom refers to a gaggle or
group with whom you share frequent experiences that kind one of the best ways you
understand the world (Bibikova et al., 2001).
With globalization, the creator refers again to the compression of the world and the
intensification of its consciousness as a complete. In thought and movement, it makes the
world a single place. What it means to reside on this place, and the best way it should be ordered,
is a typical question. Such questions acquire completely completely different options from individuals
and societies that define their place in relation to every the system of societies and
9
the shared properties of humankind from very completely completely different views (Robertson,
1992).

Decide 1.WMU Worldwide Day’s event, 2010 (Creator’s assortment).
Decide 1 reveals the worldwide custom at World Maritime School. The image is from
The Worldwide Day celebration in 2010 the place many faculty college students from completely completely different
nationalities exhibit their completely completely different cultures. To meet many different cultures enriches
selection contemplating and emphasizes the spirit of shoulder to shoulder. It strengthens
the sustainability of maritime actions.
Every society has its most essential custom and its subcultures. The important thing custom represents
the nation and symbolizes its society, character and way of life. In most superior
nations, the precept custom tends to be open and easily comprehensible, to every its
private members and company alike (Huer, 2009). However, there are usually found
arguments and disagreements of 1 custom that do not match one different new custom.
“The confrontation of their world-views implies that globalization consists of
comparative interaction of assorted kinds of life” (Robertson, 1992, p.27). Equally, it
is sophisticated to make an precise definition in path of a world or worldwide custom.
World custom means of us sharing values, ideas, beliefs, customs, traditions and
norms. By the net and mass media develop to be obtainable sources of custom
transformation (Rehman, 2007).
10
2.2 Japanese and Western cultures
Japanese and Western cultures are mirrored inside the many different traits of
of us. Since they embody multinational ships, then the variations of the
conceptual mind-set, conduct, perspective of mariners as human being are rather a lot
influenced by the inspiration cultures the place they’re from, particularly West and East. In
frequent sense, Western society strives to go looking out and present the truth, whereas Japanese
society accepts the truth as given and is additional interested by discovering the steadiness.
Westerners put additional stock particularly particular person rights whereas Easterners in social responsibly
(Bibikova et al., 2001).
The world’s cultures are divided into two major components. The majority are the Western
and Japanese cultures. The classification of West and East is made primarily
in step with the state of affairs of the societies on earth and the pores and pores and skin shade of the oldsters of
these societies. The West refers principally to the half the place of us reside inside the continent
from Greece to the North-West, as the standard Greeks (and Romans) produced
major civilizations, well-known for his or her contributions to philosophy, literature, efficient paintings
and authorities. The parents residing in that house are delicate pores and pores and skin of us. The continent
is called Europe. The establish Europe is perhaps derived from Europa, the
daughter of Phoenix in Greek mythology, or presumably from Ereb, a Phoenician phrase
for sunset (Wikipedia, 2010). On account of development of colonization by the
Europeans, the West expanded and was referred to not solely as Europe, however moreover
America and Australasia, although inside Europe itself there could also be Western and
Japanese Europe which even have very important variations in custom.
With East the creator refers again to the Asian worldwide areas: China, Japan, India and the
Arabic world. Although the cultures are completely completely different amongst these worldwide areas, all of them
are well-known for politeness. The Japanese philosophy is a gaggle of philosophies
and religions that originated in India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, and Arabic
worldwide areas. Christianity moreover originates from Asia geographically, nonetheless culturally it is
thought-about to be a Western religion and originates from the Mediterranean space
(Bibikova et al., 2001).
11
Desk 1. Variations between Western and Asian: Values, Communication sorts
and Organizational patterns
Western cultural views Asian cultural views
Values
Democracy Hierarchy
Equality Inequality
Self dedication Fatalism
Individualism Collectivism
Human rights Acceptance of Standing
Equality for Women Male dominance
Social mobility Arrange social class
Statues by Achievement Standing by British and Wealth
Particulars and Figures Relationships
Social justice Vitality constructions
New choices Good precedents
Vigor Data
Linear time Cycle time
Consequence orientation Harmony orientation
Communication sorts
Direct Indirect
Blunt Diplomatic
Properly mannered Very courteous
Talkative Reserved
Extrovert Introvert
Persuasive Recommending
Medium – sturdy eye contact Weak eye contact
Linear energetic Reactive
Unambiguous Ambiguous
Decisive Cautious
Downside fixing Accepting the state of affairs
Interrupt Would not interrupt
Half hear Hear fastidiously
Quick to deal Courtship dance
Concentrates on vitality Concentrates on Agreed agenda
Organizational patterns
Explicit particular person as a unit Agency and society as a unit
Promotion by achievement Promotion by age and seniority
Horizontal and matrix constructions Vertical constructions
Income orientation Market share priority
Contracts as binding Contracts as negotiable
Willpower by competent individuals Willpower by consensus
Specialization Job rotation
Expert Mobility Mounted Loyalty
(Provide: Lewis, 2003)
Desk 1 identifies the completely completely different traits of Western and Asian cultures. There
are many points that work in one other approach of their respective homelands. The language,
12
the social system, the mind-set and beliefs are amongst the variations which
are found to be uncommon. Consequently, there might be a threat to be alienated
when individuals are reluctant to make relationships and cooperation contained in the crosscultural environment (Horck, 2008). As an illustration, when a European (white-skinned)
vacationer visits a neighborhood tribe inside the coronary coronary heart of West Papua in Indonesia, he/she’s going to
usually be thought of a guest-star. He/she might have a specific welcome from
the tribe chief. However, he/she ought to watch and respect the customized of the tribe
when a being welcomed. The method most definitely shouldn’t be going to be within the an identical method
as at residence.
The an identical issue might happen when an Indonesian visits a European nation. When
consuming, Indonesians preserve the spoon within the right hand and the fork inside the left hand.
They eat with the spoon within the right hand. In Indonesia, to eat with left hand simply is not
properly mannered. However, in most European worldwide areas, consuming is a crucial day. Desk
manners are moreover to be revered. It is common in Europe to utilize the knife within the right
hand and the fork inside the left hand. The variations between Western and Asian
cultures are supplied in Appendix A.
2.Three Yin and Yang philosophy: The concept of harmony
Usually, the world consists of two major pairs which oppose one another. The
good frequent points similar to heaven and earth, masculine and feminine, crimson and
blue, arduous and delicate, success and fail have existed given that world and human beings
have been created. There is a well-known philosophy from China which represents the pair in
life. Chinese language language affirmed the picture of harmony as Yin and Yang (Decide 2). Some
of us see the picture as two fishes swimming head to tail. Throughout the early 4th century
BC the Chinese language language philosophers wrote about Yin and Yang which precisely refers again to the
darkish and sunlit sides of a hill. Moreover they seek the advice of with the choice and complementary
forces.
Decide 2 represents the philosophy of stability and harmony. Yin is expounded to
each half darkish, moist, receptive, earthy and female whereas Yang is good, dry,
energetic, heavenly, and male. In response to the religious philosophy of the Tzu and
Ching, the created universe carries the Yin at its once more and the Yang in entrance; by
the union of the pervading guidelines it reaches harmony. The good one produces
13
the two poles Earth and Heaven, which in flip presents rise to the energies of the darkish
Yin and the sunshine Yang. These two energies then rework themselves, one rising
downwards, and the alternative descending upwards (Magno, 2004).
Decide 2. Yin and Yang symbol1
In relation with human beings, the frequent philosophy of Yin and Yang contributes
good vitality for folk residing on the planet. It is the way of how one can create the steadiness
of life contained in the environment. It symbolizes cooperation with all the numerous points,
completely completely different of us from completely completely different nation, cultural background, notion, coaching, and so forth. In
this philosophy, they uncover they’ll work and reside collectively comfortably and make
good relationship with others as one unity in selection. The philosophy of Yin and
Yang was believed to combine quite a few proportions and to offer completely completely different objects
inside the universe. Although Yin and Yang could very properly be thought of as opposites, nonetheless they
are literally complementary pairs. Life mishaps and points are introduced on not by
opposing forces, nonetheless by disharmony or imbalances inside the environment. Stability is an
essential part of harmony (Maidment, 1998).
2.4 A worldwide maritime dilemma in multinational and multicultural crews
A ship in worldwide commerce is an internet site the place of us (the crews) reside within the an identical
place for a positive time interval. Lots of the ships serving in worldwide commerce are
manned not solely by a single nationality, nonetheless are often additional sophisticated. Sixty %
of the world’s service supplier fleet is now staffed by multinational crews. A number of of them
work out of ports not of their very personal homeland from completely completely different components of the world with

1
Decide on this net web page retrieved from provide: “Yin and Yang: Understanding the Chinese language language
philosophy of opposites and the way one can apply it to your regularly life” (Palmer, 2007).
14
crew members of assorted ranks by neighborhood supply firms (ITF, 2002). Working
with of us from quite a few nationalities, it is a very attractive to observe how points
work inside a small inhabitants of those that have completely completely different languages, completely completely different
traditions and completely completely different religions residing in a single restricted place.
To this point and nonetheless instantly, there are variations between Japanese and Western
of us inside the case of employment phrases and circumstances. Many recruiters (crew
managers) need senior officers from OECD and East European worldwide areas and
junior officers and rankings from the Far-East, Southern Asia and Heart East
(Kahveci et al., 2009). However, the creator believes that with the event of
experience, change of knowledge could also be established in a greater technique; so
that, the boundaries between West and East aren’t an obvious limit anymore.
The migration from East to West and vice versa contributes to a cultural mixture and
integration. However, most Japanese of us can’t depart their identities and
traits launched by the blood line of their ethnic backgrounds. Even if
migration does happen, inside the new world, immigrants are more likely to reside in a society the place
most people come from the an identical ethnic house. Chinatown in America/Europe, some
Afro-American neighborhoods in United States, Arabian communities in Sweden are
some examples of this. This migration can be what occurs on board ships with
multinational crews. When a worldwide crew is assigned to serve on a ship with a
positive flag/nationality, it could be acknowledged that the crewmember has rapidly migrated
from his/her residence nation to the nation of the ship, which is represented by the
ship itself which can be a sub custom. On board ship, the crew ought to observe the ideas
and guidelines which could be utilized by the ship’s flag state (authorities). A crew
is employed rapidly to work and reside inside the “nation” (the ship) until his/her
employment contract is terminated.
Diversified cultures promote good options for seafarers and ship householders. Not
solely inside the monetary perspective, however moreover the exploration of knowledge and
experiences from mixed-crews can present positive advantages. “Fully completely different custom
observe and kinds have been the topic of curiosity for seafarers who often talked about and
explored these variations with one to a unique; they’ll perform terribly
worthwhile every agency and seafarers” (Kahveci et al., 2002, p. ii). Furthermore,
15
the some benefits of manning the ship with multinational crew members could also be
acknowledged, as follows:
 Crewmembers from completely completely different cultures might tend to utilize completely completely different psychological
processes and patterns, providing a numerous differ of responses and enter.
 By making sure a broad mixture of nationalities, the captain’s authority is unlikely to
be challenged by sturdy nationwide groupings.
 By working in a multicultural crew, each member’s data of the world will
be improved. This may be of profit to the company later, if a seafarer
transfers to a shore-based job the place such data can translate immediately into
a enterprise profit.
 Recruiting seafarers from creating worldwide areas often provides assist to those
worldwide areas from remittances despatched residence to households. The affect on the monetary system
can improve maritime teaching in these worldwide areas, which in flip as soon as extra improves
the candidates from which ship householders might recruit (Horck, 2005, pp. 16-17).
Multinational seafarers’ employment in worldwide supply is a dynamic dialogue
since its recruitment has elevated because of for monetary causes. Ship householders and
supply companies search for seafarers to man their ships in low-cost crewing
worldwide areas (Horck, 2006). Blended-crews from creating worldwide areas are low value (Kahveci
et al., 2002). Consequently, multinational officers and rankings give a bonus to
the world supply fleet from an monetary point-of-view.
Along with benefits, the disadvantages of recruiting multinational seafarers are
affected, nonetheless. Multicultural crews have develop to be a important issue inside the
development of ship manning (Thoung, 2007). The supply companies do not take
full advantage of this case and even uncover points. Many owners have
difficulties in managing crews from completely completely different nationalities. Moreover, a variety of remarks
on multicultural crews have been made (Kahveci et al., 1992), as follows:
 Language was found to be a important issue for multinational crews. The utilization of
mother tongue pretty than a regular language (English) fostered suspicion
amongst multilingual crews so that this would possibly result in frustration.
16
 Faith was a elementary part of many seafarers’ lives. Some seafarers regretted
that solely Western religious holidays have been marked aboard many vessels.
 Stereotyping is outwardly diminished with contact. Thus, seafarers have been a lot much less
liable to have stereotyped understandings with whom they’d sailed often
and have been additional liable to generalize about nationwide groups with whom they’d
little contact (SIRC, 2002, pp. i-ii).
Along with the multinational crewing dilemma, one different burden is the decrease inside the
number of seafarers. In actuality, this occupation simply is not a lifelong career. It is thought-about
by many who being a seafarer is presently not attractive. Although the
supply commerce is rising, adequate seafarers aren’t obtainable to fulfill the
requirements of the commerce, significantly inside the near future.
Decide Three. Quite a few hazards (Provide: Marinebuzz, 2008).
Quite a few hazards are the precept reason why the youthful period simply is not notably
motivated to resolve on seafaring career. In worldwide supply there are hazardous
points, similar to: expert hazard, personal hazard, social hazard and approved
hazard as confirmed in Decide Three. The various hazards are outlined as follows:
 Expert hazards. Only some seafarers can solely take up supply as their life
time occupation. On the end of their life, they discover that no very important
achievements have been made.
17
 Personal hazards. Seafarers aren’t lucky to stick with their relations
all via their career. Seafarers cannot be with completely different relations. They
should neglect about birthdays, Christmas and one other social and family
events.
 Social hazards. Many seafarers aren’t ready to mix in a heterogeneous society
as they work along with a restricted member of people all via their career.
 Licensed hazards. As an example: Air air pollution. If a ship pollutes the ocean attributable to
in anyway causes, the ship’s crew along with the captain of the ship might have
to face approved actions (Marinebuzz, 2008).
The remarks above clearly influence the diminished number of seafarers.
“There is a regular worry that there is likely to be a world shortage of crews inside the
near future. Some youthful those that have chosen a career at sea change their
minds and search work ashore” (Horck, 2006, p. 43). Considering IMO´s declaration
on 2010 as a result of the 12 months of seafarer, subsequently, supply of us along with MET
institutions should work collectively to seek out right strategies on how one can entice the
youthful generations to enter a seafaring career.
2.5 Supply challenges with multinational crews
As we converse, the decline inside the number of EU seafarers impacts on the number of
employment for non-EU seafarers. World supply employment is rising with
multinational crews that contribute to the multicultural and multilingual environment
aboard ships (EU Price, 2001).
Decide 4. World fleet developments (Provide: EU Price, 2001).
18
Decide 4 signifies the rise in world service supplier supply. This has recurrently
improved from 1988 until 2000. For the EU fleet over 300 GT, it reveals that there
was a reduction inside the amount year-by-year from the beginning of 1995 until 2000.
The side-effect of the enlargement on the planet fleet for ship householders and supply
companies is focused on the recruitment of multinational seafarers.
Desk 2. Number of EU and non-EU seafarers onboard EU registered ships.
(The figures 154069 for UK and Greece are from 1996)
Yr
Officers Scores Entire
EU Non-EU EU Non-EU EU Non-EU
1985 58 140 1 144 120 496 27 781 205 637 28 926
1990 158 457 27 579
1995 52 255 2 551 76 473 30 480 128 728 33 zero31
1989-99
120
541154069
34
534154069
(Provide: EU Price, 2001).
Desk 2 reveals that seafarers from EU and the worldwide areas of Non-EU which is likely to be
belonging to the Group for Monetary Worldwide areas and Enchancment (OECD)
are decreasing. In reverse, there could also be an rising number of seafarers employed
from Asia along with the Philippines (20%), Indonesia, India, China, Vietnam, and so forth. and
moreover from Baltic states, such Poland and former Soviet Union worldwide areas (Horck,
2006).
Basically essentially the most troublesome issue regarding multicultural and multilingual crews is the
human part onboard ship. This concerns how one can work collectively and cooperate
inside mixed-crews onboard ships. Quite a few nationalities characterize completely completely different cultures
with completely completely different languages. The obstacles that are more likely to impact the human part
embrace a shortage of cultural consciousness and communication failure. The Worldwide
Maritime Group (IMO) has reported that by far the overwhelming majority of accidents at sea
are introduced on by human error, and considered one of many most essential causes of these accidents and
incidents is because of poor necessities of Maritime English (Ziarati et al., 2009). A
19
lack of cultural consciousness has develop to be an very important issue because of cultural
variations onboard ships. Moreover, cultural variations launched by mixed-crews
ship complexity after they uncover disharmony introduced on by miscommunication and
misunderstanding. This turns into an essential disadvantage in social interaction contained in the
multicultural and multilingual environment. There have to be acceptable choices to
be discovered to resolve the phenomenon to stay away from extra risks.
The affect of multinational and multilingual crews in worldwide supply on MET
institutions is how one can current the appropriate coaching of soppy experience. There’s nonetheless no
nationwide protection equipped by flag states regarding cultural consciousness till the
communication requirement turns into part of the ISM Code (Thoung, 2007). In
order to have the power to work in a culturally diversified environment, each crewmember
should have the technical experience and non-technical experience. In any case, the technical
experience embrace the competence to hold a positive rank and job on board. The nontechnical experience embrace the understanding of cultural variations and the facility to
socialize in a multicultural environment. On this respect, I think about that every subject
areas are duties for maritime institutions, along with MET to take care of in preparing for a
seafaring career. MET institutions should adapt the packages to meet the particular person
faculty college students and to fulfill their must assemble a career contained in the commerce and this moreover
after a time at sea (Horck, 2006). Subsequently, the coaching of the multicultural
subject as a mild expertise have to be thought-about to fulfill the worldwide commerce’s
expectation.
2.6 Chapter conclusion
World custom means of us sharing values, ideas, beliefs, customs, traditions and
norms. Amongst many cultures, there are two dominant cultures on the planet, particularly
Japanese and Western cultures. However, attributable to globalization every cultures should
collaborate and to cooperate each other. As an influence of the globalization, there is a
tendency to utilize ship’s crew from quite a few nationalities. Manning ships with
multinational and multicultural crews brings challenges on the one hand, and
benefits alternatively. Basically essentially the most troublesome factors regarding mixed-crews
employment are the communication and human components. When these challenges can
20
be correctly managed, similar to by enhancing the technical and non-technical experience, the
benefits from the employment of multicultural crews is likely to be optimimal.
21
CHAPTER Three
A SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDY FOR IMPROVING
MARITIME SAFETY
“We might have completely completely different religions, completely completely different languages, completely completely different colored pores and pores and skin, nonetheless we
all belong to at the least one human race.”
(Kofi Annan)
Throughout the 20th century the supply commerce was challenged BY multicultural ship’s
crews. In actuality, this is not a model new phenomenon in multinational supply as this
commerce have been operated for lots of a complete lot of years in a world setting
(Horck, 2008). Working together with mixed-crews onboard ship can presumably open
options for misunderstanding and miscommunication. The socio-cultural
technique emphasizes on how one can deal with the multinational and multicultural
environment. A data of the socio-cultural technique tends to spice up on
understanding of the social and cultural aspect of individuals (Ageyev et al., 2003).
Subsequently, of us can adapt to variations and modify the difficulty of custom shock.
Given that human part has develop to be a severe priority in worldwide supply, seafarers
as individuals should socialize with completely different cross-cultural crew members. On this regard,
the aspects of the human part should be thought of. These
embody communication experience, interrelationships, conduct, strategies to manage the
custom shock and good administration. A socio-cultural coaching improves consciousness
and respect with crews members from completely different worldwide areas. However, the socio-cultural
22
technique does not intend to know your entire factor relating to ethnicity and
traditions of people (Thuong, 2007).
Three.1 The human part
The human part is a important perform of all aspects of ship operation or system
design, tiredness, boredom, cultural variations and impacts one of the best ways whereby a ship
is operated (Koester, 2005). Today, one very important downside in worldwide
supply is to attenuate the hazards introduced on by the manning of multinational crews.
Since there isn’t any such factor as a proper worldwide customary definition on the human part and
human concern, subsequently, the curiosity areas related to the cognitive, psychological
and human aspects are used to incorporate the human part (ibid, 2005). The
number of accidents and incidents at sea reveals to be far larger introduced on by human
error, along with communication failures and cross-cultural points (Ziarati, 2007).
Moreover, the proportion of accidents outlined by the human aspect is 70 to 80
% (Horck, 2005). Casualty evaluations have confirmed that many additional accidents have
occurred on ships manned by mixed-crews than operated by a single nationality
(IMO, 1994).
Decide 5. A ten-year sample of accidents attributed to human error
(Provide: ABS enterprise, 2004).
Decide 5 signifies ship accidents attributable to human errors which have elevated recurrently
since 1994. It is a undeniable fact that the human part might be essentially the most frequent motive that
leads casualties (de Oses et al., 2002). There are a variety of important accident
causes which are associated to the human concern problematic with mixed-crews, such
23
as: miscommunications, lack of social interaction, misconceptions, vitality distance
and flawed stereotyping. Some casualties are often communication failures
onboard ships with mixed-crews could also be seen inside the Decide 6 below.
Decide 6. Foremost causes of casualties (Provide: Ziarati, 2006).
Decide 6 illustrates the ships casualties introduced on by human errors. The causes consist
of use of navigation instruments (28%), Communication (24%), Gear failure
along with engines (16%), Confusion attributable to customary and guidelines (12%), the
inadequacy of necessities/capabilities by third occasions (eight%), Unknown (12%). A component
of the set off is communication failure. Although these points are acknowledged as
enormous challenges in multinational supply, this concern simply is not dealt with as a severe priority
of investigation. Sometimes the human concern could also be seen as a serious part
in an accident that is on no account reported solely (Koester, 2003). “A deeper
interpersonal motive is seldom reported and casualties investigators not usually ask
about communication and social relations between the people involved in an
accidents each at or sooner than the accidents” (Horck, 2008, p. 2). In response to IMO
analysis evaluations, most accidents have been introduced on notably attributable to ineffective
relationships between grasp and crew members in bridge helpful useful resource administration.
This often occurs on account of cultural variations and language obstacles (IMO-STCW
& Human Facet Half, 2002). The desk below reveals a variety of marine accidents
related to communication and cultural constraints.
24
Desk Three. Maritime accidents attributable to cultural and language points.
Form of
accident Ship/s by establish
Ship’s
nationalit
y
Yr
Constraints
Com
*)
Custom
**)
Grounding Torrey Canyon – LR 1967 √ √
Collision Seadaniel Testbank PN GR 1980 √
Collision Achat Oslo2 GR NR 1987 √
Hearth Scandinavian Star – BS 1990 √
Grounding Enerchem Fusion 1990 √
Grounding Lake Anina 1990 √
Collision Stanyslaw
Kulcinsky
Kattwykbridge PL 1991 √
Collision Tuo Hai Tenyo Maru 1991 √
Grounding Irving Nordic 1991 √
Grounding Malinska YG 1991 √
Grounding Braer – LR 1993 √
Collision Butt Fishing
vessel
GR HL 1993 √
Just about
collision
Etilico Primary channel
buoy
SP 1994 √
Collision Aphrodite Anglia GR ML 1995 √
Collision Alexandria Xin Hua 7 LR CN 1995 √
Grounding Wealthy River Sky hope CN 1996 √
Grounding Anjola AG BB 1996 √
Collision Sensible topic Quayside
buying cent
CN 1996 √
Grounding Algolake – CA 1997 √
Collision Tidan Anglo SW NO 1998 √
Collision Xu Chang Hai Aberdeen PA BS 2000 √
Crew dying Sally Maersk – DK 2000 √
Grounding Sea Mariner – CY 2002 √
Collision Silja Opera Numerous SE 2003 √
Collision Tricolor Kariba NO BS 2003 √
Collision Hyundai Dominion UK HK 2004 √
Grounding Domiat – EG 2004 √
Explosion Bow mariner – GR 2004 √
Collision Fu Shan Hai Gdynia CN CY 2004 √
Hearth Maersk Doha 2006 √
Grounding Crimson Mars SN 2006 √
(Provide: Compiled from Horck (2006, p. 38) and Thoung (2007, p.13))
Some examples of casualties rooted in communication and cultural constraints are
acknowledged in Desk 2. However, human error along with the human part simply is not

Observe: *) Communication, **) Custom. Making an allowance for that cultural points aren’t clearly
talked about in casualty investigation evaluations.
25
solely a causal disadvantage, nonetheless it is going to presumably moreover develop to be an opportunity as correctly. For this
motive, there is a need to discover acceptable and environment friendly choices with a goal to
scale back accidents in multinational supply.
Three.1.1 Communication experience
Good communication contributes to good cooperation and fewer misunderstanding
onboard ships. Multinational supply is a singular maritime commerce as a result of
variety of of us speaking completely completely different languages. Such a mixture is an fascinating half
of the maritime commerce. It is acknowledged to understand the reality that accidents and incidents at
sea current that human error will improve (Ziarati et al., 2009). Contained in the multicultural
and multilingual environment, environment friendly communication ship to ship and between
ship and shore is vitally very important for seafarers from many worldwide areas who’re crusing
in worldwide ships to all components of the world (IMO-STCW & Human Facet
Half, 2002).
IMO has analyzed the evaluations of marine casualties to go looking out if there are any courses to
be found for the long term. Many investigated accidents are introduced on by operational
factors similar to improper course of, repairs and design, although
communication difficulties moreover often occur in circumstances which is likely to be attributable to cultural
variations and language obstacles. Poor experience inside the English language are a
very important concern inside the human errors that end in about 80 % of accidents at
sea (Safety at Sea, 2010). IMO states that about 80 % of accidents at sea are
introduced on by human error, and considered one of many most essential causes of these accidents and
incidents, some involving lack of life, quite a few accidents and intensive
financial loss, is the crews poor customary of Maritime English (Ziarati, 2007).
Subsequently, seafarers ought to larger apply the English language as an atypical
communication at sea and as required by IMO. “Seafarers should make additional use
of the Worldwide Customary Marine Communication Phrases-SMCP (Trenkner,
2010, p. 27).
The IMO Secretary Frequent, Eftimious E. Mitropoulos mentioned that instantly larger than
90 % of world commerce is carried by sea which has fostered interdependency
between people who would beforehand have thought-about themselves absolutely
unconnected. On this respect, there is a need for a working language and that may
26
largely be Maritime English (Cole & Trenkner, 2009). Subsequently, IMO developed the
Customary Marine Navigational Vocabulary (SMNV), adopted in 1977 and amended
in 1985. Later, the SMCP was adopted in November 2001, choice A.918 (22).
The SMCP is often referenced in conventions, protocols, resolutions, and so forth. and folks
are listed in Annex 1 of the article IMO-SMCP (IMO, 2002).
There was a world seminar on Maritime English held at Istanbul Maritime
School in Turkey the place a presenter supplied a variety of ship casualties which were
rooted in communication obstacles. The small print emphasised miscommunication and
addressed the extreme disadvantage and lack of life (IMO-STCW & Human Facet
Half, 2002). In addition to, a burden with variations in accent and pronunciation
might end in misunderstanding in relationships. Consequently, ineffective
communication brings about crucial points which set off hurt and hazard.
Quite a few examples of ship accidents introduced on by communication failure as illustrated
are the subsequent:
 Tanker mooring accident. A 56,000 GT Bahamian flag tanker berthed at an oil
terminal inside the UK when a mooring line parted and struck a crew member of a
mooring boat. The mooring line causes crucial crew accidents. The pilot meant
to run the breast line ashore nonetheless to not make it fast until the ship was alongside
and had believed that the grasp understood his intention. However, the grasp
thought that the highway have to be heaved tight and instructed the mate accordingly.
Communications between the grasp and the crew have been in Korean, whereby the
pilot had not understood that language until the accident occurred. The
accident was acknowledged to be introduced on as a result of failure in communications
between the pilot and the ship’s grasp.
 Bulk service grounding. A 36,000 GT Panama flag bulk service left port beneath
pilotage and grounding. The pilot was conning the vessel and gave instructions
to the helmsman nonetheless his consideration was distracted and he didn’t appropriately study
the actions of the helmsman. The pilot did not hearken to the helmsman’s replies and
the ship swung out of the channel and went aground. The accident was
acknowledged to be poor communications between the helmsman and the pilot.
27
 Passenger ship fireside. 158 of us misplaced their lives on account of a small fireside that
started inside the bedding and unfold all via the ship. Escape routes have been
stuffed with smoke and different individuals unfamiliar with the ship needed the assistance of
the crew who gave indicators on how far one of the best ways out. The indications weren’t in a
language acquainted to the passengers, so that it had equipped an ineffective indicate
of giving safety instructions. The officers and plenty of crews did not share a
frequent language was not the an identical as a variety of the passengers. Although the
fireside was not related to poor communications between officers and crews, the
poor safety administration coupled with the shortcoming of the officers to
discuss with all crews and the shortcoming of the rankings to talk with
the passengers consequence the shortage of life (Provide: IMO-STCW & Human Facet
Half, 2002).
The above causalities current examples of accidents that occurred in multicultural
ship environments. The mixed-crews had points in language communication. It
could also be inferred that English communication performs an very important place for interaction
between ship and ship and ship to shore. Moreover, Maritime English language is
standardized to be used in supply with a goal to reinforce maritime safety (Cole and
Trenkner, 2003).
Maritime English is required to be used for seafarers onboard based totally on the SMCP
whereby its formulation took seven years to complete and was ultimately adopted in
2001 and printed in 2002 (Cole, 2003). Maritime English simply is not solely used all through
ship operations, however moreover it could be useful as a tool for social interaction inside
multinational crews (Froholdt & Knudsen, 2007). Moreover, whereas IMO has clearly
made substantial efforts to strengthen provisions relating to Maritime English
requirements, this does not primarily indicate that the graduates of maritime
academies are persistently correctly prepared and that the levels of competence
attained all through teaching match the satisfactory ranges envisaged (Cole & Trenkner,
2009). However, if there is a extreme motivation from cadets to put an effort into
working in the direction of their English language, it is going to doubtless be additional helpful in enhancing their
communication experience.
28
Right Maritime English communication competence simply is not the one reply
onboard ship for larger safety because of there could also be moreover non-verbal communication,
particularly sign language. This have to be taught, as many people bear in mind that sign
language, (significantly expert indicators) is a crucial communication methodology
onboard ship (Thoung, 2007). The form of language may also be used to
complement spoken English, notably for non-native audio system when in
emergency and distress or involved in panic circumstances. In Japan, for instance,
sign language is utilized in noisy gear areas from the 1950s (Nakazawa, 2004).
Three.1.2 Human relationships and social interactions
Relationships and interactions are two space components in social group that every
are interconnected with human beings. Fully completely different cultures include completely completely different sorts of
interaction. Multicultural crews can create additional constraints in contrast with
monoculture crews (Thuong, 2007). In actuality, social isolation has been found as a
very important disadvantage for seafarers (Thomas, 2003). Hierarchy and vitality distance can
result in social pressures in a cross-cultural environment. In addition to, communication
moreover impacts lack of interpersonal relationships that presumably will cope with the hazards
(Horck, 2008). Other than the human part, subsequently, human relationships and
social interactions are very important to be thought-about as they help crews to stay away from being
isolated and alienated.
Furthermore, crewmembers could also be uncovered to psychological and psychological
constraints which could create disharmony. As an example, residing in a hierarchical
development for prolonged intervals of time at sea presumably might create options for
psychological stress. The “Torrey Canyon is a typical occasion of hierarchyworking environment leading to miscommunication. The officers have been afraid of
talking with the grasp” (Horck, 2006, p. 39).
This motive might be a thought-about to be direct or indirect root clarification for accidents and
incidents of supply casualties. Regarding working circumstances onboard,
harmonization and cooperation amongst multicultural crews have to be thought-about.
Being tolerant to cultural variations might make larger working state of affairs. It have to be
29
thought-about that every society has a singular custom. Good coordination and environment friendly
communication are every essential points to stay away from excessive damages (Horck, 2008).
Three.1.Three Habits
Attitudes are the established strategies of responding to of us and circumstances that we
have found, based totally on the beliefs, values and assumptions we preserve. Subsequently
attitudes develop to be manifested by our conduct (Bibikova et al, 2001). The need
of human beings to express themselves can’t be separated from their social
existence by their specific particular person lives. Regarding West and East, the completely completely different
behaviors can clearly be seen from in method of communication. Westerners need
direct communication. Easterners see such communication as confrontational,
significantly to at the least one in a culturally superior place (Amstrong, 2008).
Relating to cultural selection with mixed-crews, the issue tends to be principally
variations of perspective and conduct. Human traits could also be acknowledged inside
the interaction amongst crews with their very personal root custom. Humor is one different part of
social interaction and integration. However, a poor working language onboard could
end in frustration (Thuong, 2007). Although quite a few casualties are introduced on by
human error, this part continues to be not dealt with as a severe priority of investigation. A
deeper inter-personal motive for maritime accidents is seldom reported. Even the
casualties’ investigation reported inside the Worldwide Maritime Group (IMO)
resolutions, it appears that evidently the casualty investigators not usually ask regarding the social
relations between the people involved in an accident or sooner than an accident (Horck,
2008).
Three.1.4 Cultural intelligence
The socio-cultural aspect has an very important place which is part of the human part
inside the multinational and multicultural environment. Since multinational ships are
manned by crews from completely completely different nationalities and completely completely different cultures, the aspect of
human part have to be additional emphasised pretty than solely specializing in ship
experience and its automation (Horck, 2004). Human part along with the human
concern defines as systematic methodology for enhancing one of the best ways of us work
collectively. It produces an atmosphere the place teams perform to their full potential
30
utilizing every member’s contribution, everyone tells the truth, and each specific particular person
takes full obligation for his or her conduct and feelings (Schutz, 2002).
“…Human components are the number of human related components, which may also be
dominated as human part inside the safe and atmosphere pleasant ships operation” (Koester,
2003, p. 2). Subsequently, with a goal to cut back safety risks, the important issue of the human
part is required to be put consideration onboard ship.
A worldwide workplace requires individuals to be delicate to completely completely different cultures, to
work collectively appropriately with of us from completely completely different cultures, and to have the power to investigate
new cultures as they’re encountered. To try this, whether or not or not they’re at residence or
abroad, need cultural intelligence (Tan, 2004). Cultural intelligence is printed as a result of the
ability to make oneself understood and the facility to create fruitful collaboration in
circumstances when cultural variations play a job. It consists of the three dimensions of
the classical division between emotion, understanding and movement (Plum, 2007). It is
essential to stay away from misunderstandings and conflicts with a goal to create collaboration and
good cooperation inside mixed-crews.
Cultural intelligence concerns the facility to make adjustments inside diversified
cultures. It is about cultural strategical contemplating. The creator refers partly to the
human contemplating experience that folks use to create an understanding on how and
why of us in a model new custom act as they do. In multinational and multicultural
environments, the phrase “cultural intelligence” could also be described as a mild expertise.
Perspective and conduct are naturally mirrored by of us private custom. Cultural
intelligence is referred to the facility to be versatile and open minded in a crosscultural environment. In consequence, psychological constraints and custom shock could also be
prevented. It is important to deal with the stress and confusion which will set off
frustration and battle (Tan, 2004). On this regards, adjustment from custom shock
have to be thought-about in a cross-cultural environment. Motivation can be one different
very important aspect. Personal data of people simply is not adequate. The importance of
motivation leads of us to review and to know the variations between people who
have completely completely different cultures and completely completely different views. Motivation and spirit derive
advantages to create mutual circumstances. There’s an occasion that reveals how
treasured motivation is, as follows:
31
“They’ve been attempting to not take heed to me; usually they’ve been altering the
matter after my speaking. They weren’t paying consideration. It went on like
this for at least one or two months, and this was a nasty experience. Later,
I merely gave up attempting to speak” (Tan, 2004, p. 20).
One Korean supervisor with various experience on crusing with multinational crews
was ready to understand what was occurring and why, nonetheless he had not been motivated
to aim to deal with the cultural state of affairs. His perspective mirrored his private low motivation
and lack of self-confidence in his ability to work efficiently. Consequently, he
suffered from his teamwork. Cultural intelligence means to know and to try. In phrases
of motivation, the supervisor mustn’t escape from psychological difficulties. Assume
constructive, be optimistic and stick with it being motivated, and it solves various points. I
think about constructive mind-set and with a suitable approach when arriving in a
new custom might make of us uncover values and experiences which will influence
improvement and maturity.
Three.1.5 Administration
In a multicultural environment, a worthwhile group could also be measured on how
the chief applies the generous strategies inside his managerial and administration
mannequin by employees who’re from completely completely different nationalities. The worthwhile
businessmen are people who research to simply settle for the small variations that make them
work collectively for the upper good the working environment (Bordas, 2007). On this
regard, the potential of a person to have an effect on, to encourage, and to permit others to
contribute achievement inside the working environment are components of administration.
However, it have to be thought-about that not two of us come from exactly the an identical
background (Robert, 2004). Even if there are similarities, every employer and
supervisor is unique.
As we converse’s administration fashions, although they may differ from particular person to particular person and
methodology to methodology, usually have a regular bias in the direction of their very personal cultures.
“Multicultural administration encourages an inclusive and adaptable mannequin that cultivates
the facility to ship out the best in numerous workforce of group with of us from
many components of the globe” (Bordas, 2007, p. 180).
32
At sea, administration simply is not solely measured by seafarer competence in navigating and
engineering; technical experience on an professional perspective. Administration is one part of
the human part, a non-technical expertise. This part is essential since its carry out is
aimed towards managing and organizing a ship’s crews via the usage of human intelligence, such
as cultural conduct and persistence dealing with crews from completely completely different cultures. A pacesetter
should exhibit humility and sincerity and wishes to review completely different cultures coping with a
multinational and multicultural workforce (Rentfrow, 2007). Moreover, major
multicultural crewmembers is an train which is strongly built-in with humility
approaches since crews are human beings. It would impact a crew’s productiveness and
motivation to work collaboratively onboard. Administration corresponds to a supportive
approach inside the multinational and multicultural environment. Although comprehension
of cultural values and conduct shouldn’t be going to guarantee organizational success, it should
current leaders with an preliminary consciousness and understanding of the important aspects of
environment friendly administration inside a specific custom (Dwelling, 2004). As an example, character
traits and conduct of being truthful, versatile, a fantastic listener and accountable have been extraordinarily
rated in administration effectiveness for Japanese managers. In distinction with
Individuals, character traits, conduct intelligence, honesty, understanding and
verbal experience are strongly endorsed (Bordas, 2007).
Throughout the place of the managerial stage onboard ship, a shipmaster, subsequently, should
broaden his mind-set and his strategies to cope with mixed-crews. A up to date grasp
should not be over proud on his seniority and hierarchical place. A person who’s
chosen for multinational administration ought to work to manage his or her sturdy sense to
the nationwide custom by adopting a multicultural mindset (Rentfrow, 2007). However,
there isn’t any such factor as a absolute system and correct administration approach to be carried out
elsewhere, as a result of it clearly will rely upon specific particular person traits and the mannequin of the
chief. The mannequin of administration could also be influenced by coaching, character and
custom (Dwelling, 2004). Moreover, openness and a flexible technique in administration
significantly inside the cross-cultural environment influences the effectiveness and
effectivity which will improve the safety of life at sea. In a multicultural context
onboard, a grasp ought to emphasise good cooperation and harmonization.
33
Three.2 Custom shock
The multinational and Multicultural environment has develop to be an issue in instantly’s
worldwide society. Consequently, it impacts constraints to of us. “…its influence could also be
rather a lot deeper and further prolonged if it is not dealt with efficiently” (Marx, 2001 p. 7).
It requires that folk should know the way one can deal with new circumstances which are
utterly completely completely different to the day-to-day actions that we’re accustomed to. Changes are
present in uncertain circumstances along with in numerous variations in routine,
relationships, cultures, values, languages, customs, meals, and so forth. These variations
impact anxiousness and create constraints which could set off custom shock.
The shortcoming to utilize a suitable language to talk with crews from
completely completely different worldwide areas is an event inflicting a constraint. Onboard ship, Maritime
English has been internationally required as an atypical communication language,
every oral and written, for seafarers in step with the STCW ´95 Reg. I/4 a, SOLAS
´74 Chapter V Reg. 14 and the ISM Code Chapter 1.33 and 6.7 (Horck, 2008).
Subsequently, talking English is useful to make environment friendly interactions every
personally and socially. In interpersonal relationships, usually crews tend to stay
with others who’ve similarities, similar to: cultures, viewpoints, norms, values, and so forth.
Decide 7. Diagram of custom shock (Provide: Culbetson, 2002)
Decide 7 illustrates a practice shock framework. Custom shock shows the anxiousness
feelings (of shock, stress, frustration, embarrassment, confusion, and so forth.) when
34
of us should work collectively inside many different points and unknown custom. This
pure feeling is encountered when of us come to a model new nation. It grows out of
the difficulties in assimilating the model new of us from a novel custom (Wikipedia,
2009). An insecure feeling rooted in confusion and by no means determining the model new custom might
end in frustration. The cultural adjustment interval usually comprises some
disorientation launched on by issues like being confused as to the place the cultural
boundaries are (Culbertson, 2002). Consequently, psychological stress and
psychological constraints can occur. People encounter psychological experiences
via the time of cultural adjustment that accompanies a interval of cultural
socialization or acculturation. If the feeling of boredom and alienation cannot be
solved, it’d end in risks (Horck, 2008). Subsequently, a good way to make
interpersonal relationship is chatting and to share feelings.
In regards to the matter of cross-cultural context, usually there is a gap between
crew members from japanese and western cultures. Some European crews who work
with of us from Japanese cultures need to stay in groups with a goal to easily
discuss and share associated values. People in groups of larger than four people,
are more likely to take their custom with them to their new environment (Horck, 2005). If
nationality and custom are linked to religion then religious actions are carried out
collectively. However, the opening mustn’t occur if westerners and easterners could also be
humble to review new cultures and open minded in socio-cultural adaptation (Bochner
et al., 2001). There are four phases of custom shock, particularly:
 Honey moon part; thrilling and intriguing part. It’s often often known as the distress
part; the confusion feeling and struggling when arriving inside the new custom.
 Adjustment part; irritated and pissed off with the cross custom life, perhaps
compares the model new custom with personal residence custom; consciously or unconsciously
might assess and contemplate of them.
 Autonomy part; learning to simply settle for the completely completely different custom, socializes and makes
adaptation.
 Unbiased part; absolutely understands and adjusts to the host custom. The
feeling is form of a second residence nation (Ibid, 2001).
35
Moreover, custom shock is now understood considerably higher than it was 15 years prior to now,
and it is guided by theories taken from quite a few areas of social-psychology, psychological
and bodily properly being. On this sense, to forestall the psychological constraints and
custom shock, it is vitally essential research the model new custom sooner than starting to work collectively it.
People can experience considerable stress and anxiousness once they’re residing in a
new custom with completely completely different values from their very personal. The areas of religion, moral
conduct, norms and ethics are areas the place there is also a considerable quantity of cultural
relativism; People residing and dealing overseas should research to deal with these
variations in a relaxed and non-judgmental method. The variations and similarities
are discovered as added values (Lancaster School, 2007). Subsequently of us
presumably uncover many constraints and troublesome circumstances if they aren’t be pro-active to
uncover choices on how one can deal with the model new custom.
However, although the range environment is a complicated atmosphere, it nonetheless could also be
coped with. It should rely upon how of us deal with it. Everyone can research from others.
Subsequently, of us presumably uncover many choices on how one can deal with it.
Three.Three Adaptation and adjustment
People research from others how one can change knowledge and to share their
experiences to survive; and this wherever they’re in a cross-cultural atmosphere.
Understanding completely different cultures could also be assumed as cultural intelligence. As human
beings, interaction is required for our social existence. The essential factor matter in a model new
custom is how one can diminish the custom shock by making adjustments and variations
with a goal to cease risks. Numerous remarks on how one can clear up custom shock are
acknowledged in Appendix B.
Onboard ship, mixed-crews need interaction to stay away from alienation. This will likely more and more impact the
psychological constraints which presumably cope with frustration. “A crew member not
being able to speak merely turns into alienated and thereby a safety hazard”
(Horck, 2008, p. 1). However, custom shock could also be managed by creating and
sustaining social assist to share experiences or just being with people who we
actually really feel comfortable with (Jacobs, 2007).
A person should put down ego-identity roots inside the new host custom and actually really feel additional
relaxed with themselves and their atmosphere. That proper perspective will naturally
36
develop intercultural interaction experience. Doing this, of us will develop to be happier and
additional productive at work and at residence or whereas being contained in the society at huge.
In all probability, of us is not going to be negatively affected by unconfirmed expectations.
Furthermore, social atmosphere can present a fantastic affect or vise versa whereas this
can’t be neglected by human life. “Usually, we’re influenced by the
world: our psychological processing, our data, our opinions, and our attitudes are
regarding the world and shaped by the property of the world” (Koester & Pyne, 2005, p.
Three).
An unlimited helpful useful resource for dealing with cultural variations is efficient in making an extra
effort to develop new networks every personally and professionally; to essentially really feel additional
settled. Individuals need to regulate their minds positively and to protect themselves
from psychological constraints. When adaptation and adjustment could also be achieved,
the creator believes that folk develop up and mature following the coaching course of in
cross-cultural environments.
Three.4 Relevance with regards to maritime safety
The human part is a complicated multi-dimensional aspect that impacts maritime
safety, security and marine environmental security. It consists of your full spectrum
of human actions carried out by ships’ crews, shore based totally administration, regulatory
our our bodies and others (IMO, 2005). All should cooperate to cope with human part
efficiently. Subsequently, competent seafarers who’re the essential factor people to manning the
ships shall apply the IMO-STCW ´95, ISM Code and SMCP completely with the purpose to
scale back casualties. Since time of manning ships with multinational seafarers,
Maritime English should be utilized efficiently onboard ship in accordance with the
SMCP. Furthermore, to work together with mixed-crews, harmonization and good
cooperation additionally must be emphasised to increase safety at sea.
In relation with seafaring career, MET institutions have an very important place in
worldwide maritime commerce to provide acceptable curriculums in accordance IMOSTCW ´95 guidelines and the flag states protection; not solely regulated in technical experience
for navigation and engineering analysis, however moreover human part subject as light experience,
similar to communication experience and cultural sensitivity along with cultural consciousness in
socio-cultural subject. Multinational seafarers have to be educated in cultural
37
consciousness instead of getting to review the arduous strategy to cease the errors that
clearly develop to be expensive to the ship-owners (Horck, 2006). Subsequently, the
intelligence in cross-cultural perspective additionally must be emphasised in maritime
institutions along with MET as voluntary subject with a goal to fulfill the true diversified
cultures onboard ship. In response to Hansen (2002), to be expert seafarers,
cadets’ perspective have to be improved and be helped by providing model course on:
 collaborate and to cooperate
 uncover expertise of us and ask them the associated questions
 Altering mentality to be additional helpful and spot some great benefits of serving to
colleagues
 Finding out how one can work collectively in teamwork efforts
However, a model course relating to a socio-cultural subject has not been equipped
however in maritime institutions along with MET. Cultural intelligence is an coaching about
Intercultural competence or worldwide mindset (Early, 2004). Throughout the context of
multinational supply, socio cultural is a associated technique dealing with crews from
completely completely different nationalities and completely completely different cultures. If this can be carried out appropriately in
coaching educated, the creator believes that MET institutions will contribute in
supplying competent seafarers. Not solely technical expertise, however moreover human expertise in order
to fulfill the supply commerce expectation. Subsequently, maritime administrations
should proactive involving a protection related socio-cultural subject in maritime
institutions. Education of multicultural at least will improve cadets cultural
understanding, so that they will be succesful to work collectively merely and to cooperate with
cross-cultural crews in working environment onboard ships (Rehman, 2007).
Three.5 Chapter conclusion
The human part is a important aspect in supply as a result of it has been claimed to be
the inspiration clarification for a lot of marine accidents, of which some have been introduced on by
human error. Tales have confirmed that many casualties have occurred additional often
on ships manned by mixed-crews than operated by a single nationality. The
difficulties often occur regarding with part of cultural variations. Subsequently, inside the
38
multicultural context, the communication expertise is an absolute expertise. The reply to the
communication disadvantage amongst multilingual crews is Maritime English. However,
this concern/part simply is not dealt with as a severe priority of investigation. Good
communication experience and cultural intelligence would assist good human
relationships and social interaction along with environment friendly administration. The reply of
the communication disadvantage amongst multicultural crews simply is not solely Maritime English,
however moreover cultural intelligence, which is the facility to adapt to and make adjustments
with the model new diversified cultures.
Moreover, the opening between the crews from completely completely different nationalities nonetheless exists attributable to
the cultural adjustment disadvantage (custom shocks). Subsequently, custom shock could also be
prevented by striving to develop to be additional versatile in contemplating and conduct by
creating an precise enthusiasm for learning regarding the host custom and forming
intercultural relationships. When this disadvantage simply is not solved, there is a tendency for
extra points which end in safety risks. A sort of coaching in light expertise, similar to
worldwide custom data, is required. Maritime institutions along with MET preserve
the very important place in providing the form of coaching for seafarers to strengthen the
human part in multinational supply. However, a publication similar to a model
course issued by IMO related to cross-cultural points has not however been equipped.
39
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
“Someplace, one factor unbelievable is able to be acknowledged.”
(Carl Sagan, 1934-1996)
4.1 Qualitative and quantitative methods
Throughout the phrases of the evaluation methodology, the creator depends upon the qualitative technique.
This emphasizes the understanding of social phenomena by direct
assertion, communication with contributors and analysis of texts. The current
evaluation is based on assertion inside the topic and by gathering data from sampling.
The questionnaire is addressed to seafarers and non-seafarers by distributing
immediately, electronically and by posting by mail addresses. As there was a
limitation of timeframe, these are worthwhile models and environment friendly in inductive
evaluation. Along with this, the assertion was carried out by specific particular person conversations.
Seafarers (and former seafarers) which have seafaring experiences with mixed-crews
have been interviewed. The samples interviewed are from Indonesia, Iraq, Madagascar,
Malawi, Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey and UK. In addition to, the conversations have been
recorded with the everyday time being 35 minutes and with out recognizing the
questions prematurely. The dialog topics talked about concerned the sociocultural aspects inside the multicultural context.
40
The literature evaluation was carried out from books, magazines, articles and completely different
reliable sources. A analysis of inductive reasoning is often carried out contained in the
topic acknowledged as informal sense or important contemplating (Burney, 2008).
Along with the above, a quantitative technique was moreover used inside the current evaluation.
The number of respondents have been pooled inside the summary (Appendix G and Appendix
H) and all the data pooled and saved confidentially. The responses consisted of Positive
and No, Agree, Disagree, Not sure and Disagree.
4.2 Evaluation development
The creator has built-in the study and balances between a variety of hints;
literature search, observations, questionnaires, conversations and her private
experience of studying in a multicultural environment. From the retrieved
data/provides, a comparative technique is included. The questionnaires and
conversations have been designed as units gathering the respondent’s opinions.
Since this evaluation tends to focus on the social-cultural and human aspects, a
qualitative analysis is a suitable technique to be used. This technique is useful in
buying notion into of us’s attitudes, behaviors, price strategies, concerns,
motivations, aspirations, custom or existence (Ereaut, 2007). It is realized that
gathering and analyzing this unstructured knowledge has been very time consuming
as a result of information methodology required.
Decide eight. Evaluation development
1. Literature search
5. Data administration
4. Conversations
Three. Questionnaires
2. Observations
6. Survey findings
41
The phases of this evaluation are structured as follows:
1. Literature search, the provides have been collected from libraries and serps like google
with a goal to find associated knowledge. Literature search is useful attributable to complement the
analysis from theories sooner than incorporate them into analysis and synthesis.
2. Observations. The actions inside the fieldwork have been carried out at two web sites;
onboard service supplier ships and at WMU. In addition to, respondents have been categorized
into two, seafarers and non-seafarers and they also have been thought-about to have work
experience in multicultural environments.
Three. Questionnaires. Questionnaires received to a sample who serve on
multinational ships that perform in Europe and to WMU´s faculty college students who’re from
completely completely different nationalities. The options from the samples has confirmed a constructive
response with a return value of 75 %.
4. Conversations. Explicit particular person conversations have been carried out face-to-face onboard
ship and on the WMU premises. In addition to, verbal data samples have been recorded
via the usage of audio recording and written notes.
5. Data administration. The entire provides have been fastidiously collected from the
sample. All through data processing, the options have been sorted and typed regularly in
Phrase and Excel packages. In addition to, the data taken from conversations have been
recorded and transcribed manually.
6. Survey findings. The responses from questionnaires and specific particular person
conversations have been indicated and talked about in survey findings. The
questionnaires have been organized inside the connection of the evaluation objectivities.
The survey data have been measured and inferred inside the statistics.
4.Three The questionnaire
On this system, the respondents have been chosen randomly. The Questionnaires have been
answered by ticking Positive or No; Strongly agree, Agree, Not sure or Disagree. Some
options have been put suggestions or opinions. All these responses are saved confidential.
Furthermore, Entire responses have been returned immediately; some have been despatched electronically
and others have been posted by mail cope with. It is realized that there isn’t any such factor as a wonderful strategy to
accomplish this survey that these methods nonetheless need many enter and advice in order
42
to reinforce extra evaluation, nonetheless. To the creator, this evaluation has given
worthwhile experience. A socio-cultural analysis inside the delicate of multicultural crews gave an
various to the creator to rigorously discover out about cultural selection and human aspects
inside the maritime topic. Moreover, this analysis enriches the creator’s understanding of
how very important the human parts inside the worldwide environment are with a goal to
improve maritime safety in supply.
4.4 The dialog
There are a variety of roles that have to be thought-about by an interviewer, for instance:
discovering and enlisting respondents, motivating respondents to do a fantastic job,
clarifying any confusion/concerns, observing top quality of responses and conducting a
good interview (Trochim & Donnely, 2006). Explicit particular person conversations have been moreover
carried out on this survey. To bolster the data assortment, the creator carried out
interviews from seafarer respondents (and former seafarers). The interviewees
expressed their opinions and viewpoints with open ideas. The topics of dialog
are highlighted as observe:
1. What’s your opinion a few worldwide custom?
2. What are the challenges inside multinational crews onboard ship?
Three. For individuals who labored with mixed-crews, did you uncover any constraints or difficulties? Give
your comment!
4. What’s your opinion about socio-cultural technique in multicultural environment?
5. Do you assume a socio-cultural analysis is important to be taught in maritime
institutions? Why?
6. Should IMO recommend a socio-cultural publication? Why?
The standard interval of the conversations was about 35 minutes. The topics have been
broadened to larger than 5 questions as correctly. The dialog topics are primarily
related to cross-cultural circumstances onboard which the interviewees accustomed to;
what is the language used to talk and what technique is appropriately
useful when dealing with multicultural and multilingual crews. Moreover, the
questions have been moreover related to the importance of socio-cultural coaching in maritime
institutions because of safety of life at sea. The interviewees posed their very personal
suggestions overtly in responding to the issues.
43
4
1
2
2
1
1
4
1
4
2
4
1
29
2
2
eight
4
4
19
1
2
1
Three
10
Three
1
2
Three
Three
5
2
2
6
1
Three
1
Three
9
1
2
1
1
Three
2
4
Three
2
zero 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Algerian
Argentine
Bahamian
Bahrain
Bangladeshi
Benin
British
Brazilian
Cape Verde
Chilean
Chinese language language
Colombian
Dutch
Egyptian
Ethiopian
Filipino
Ghanaian
Indian
Indonesian
Iranian
Iraqi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Madagascar
Malaysian
Malawian
Mozambican
Myanmarese
Portuguese
Pakistani
Peruvian
Russian
Senegalese
Sierra Leonean
Sri Langkan
Spanish
Swedish
Saudi Arabic
Syrian
Yemeni
Senegalese
Tanzanian
Thai
Tunisian
Turkish
Uruguaian
Respondents
CHAPTER 5
SURVEY FINDINGS
“All truths are simple to know as quickly as they’re discovered; the aim is to seek out
them”
(Galileo Galilei)
5.1 Respondent Demography
An entire of 188 respondents participated on this survey (n=188). The respondents
have been from almost the entire inhabited continents on the planet: Africa, America, Asia,
Heart East and Europe.

Decide 9. Respondents’ demography
44
Seafarer,
52%
NonSeafarer,
48%
5.2 Respondents’ expert backgrounds
The respondents supplied their distinctive opinions inside the delicate of multicultural factors.
As this evaluation presents with the seafaring occupation, the creator has categorised it into
two courses based totally on the respondents’ expert backgrounds, i.e. seafarers
and non-seafarers. 52 % of the seafarers respondents (along with former
seagoing) and 48 % non-seafarers participated on this survey (Decide 10).

Decide 10. Expert background
WMU is an occasion of multinational and multicultural scholar’s environment inside the
maritime topic. It is a distinctive worldwide faculty beneath the umbrella of the UNIMO that accommodates colleagues from completely completely different nationalities; having completely completely different cultures,
completely completely different professions and completely completely different educational backgrounds. Likewise, diversified
cultures mirror not solely WMU, however moreover Malmö. People from completely completely different worldwide areas reside
on this metropolis. Although this part of the sample simply is not primarily coming from a
seafaring career, usually, this metropolis is accustomed to multicultural of us. The areas
of sample embody: WMU faculty college students; multinational seafarers and inhabitants of
Malmo metropolis. The respondents which have returned the questionnaire are listed in
Appendix D.
45
No, 21%
Positive, 79%
5.Three Survey findings
5.Three.1 Seafarers
97 respondents, every energetic and former seafarers, participated on this survey. The
energetic seafarers are these which were serving with multinational crewmembers when
the onboard survey was carried out. Former seafarers involved are people who
studying at WMU and had sailed with mixed-crews. This specific alternative of
respondents is aimed towards specializing within the perspective of seafarers by the issues of
socio-cultural coaching for cadets/seafarers inside the delicate of the multinational and
multicultural environment onboard. That’s the precept purpose of this analysis.
Seafarers’ respondents are from quite a few worldwide areas along with Cape Verde, Indonesia,
Madagascar, Netherlands, Russia, Ukraine and the UK.

Decide 11. Seafarers who’ve sailed with multinational crews
On this survey, about 79 % of the respondents labored with multinational crews
and a small amount labored inside a monocultural environment onboard (Decide 11).
Onboard ship, English communication is an absolute means to alter
knowledge with multicultural and multilingual crews. As is often acknowledged, Maritime
English is the most common language inside the worldwide maritime commerce. The
question “Did your group require satisfactory English language every written and
spoken of you?” is included on this survey. 77 % respondents have been required to
have satisfactory English by their agency, nonetheless, a small portion was not required
to have satisfactory English because of they work with mono-cultural crews
(house/native commerce) (Decide 12).
46
Positive
77%
No
23%
24
6
57
10
zero 10 20 30 40 50 60
Others
Spanish
English
Arabic
Positive, 83%
No, 17%
15
16
22
25
19
zero 5 10 15 20 25 30
Others
Meals
Habits
Custom
Notion
Decide 12. Did your group require
satisfactory English language every written
and spoken of you?
Decide 13. What language did you
use to talk onboard ship?
In observe, 57 out of 97 ticked English as a result of the language used for communication
onboard ships (Decide 13). This response proved that English is mostly used as a
working language and that it helps crews working collectively along with socializing.
Working with mixed-crews has been an issue for the respondents since quite a few
obstacles related to individuals might come up. Consciously or unconsciously, a crews’
conduct could also be influenced by an individual custom. Many variations between
Western and Japanese crews could also be acknowledged by: meals, notion, custom conduct, and so forth.
In observe, many respondents ticked “custom” and “conduct” as major variations
amongst mixed-crews (Decide 14 and Decide 15).
Decide 14. Do you uncover any variations
between crew members from Western
and Japanese cultures?
Decide 15. What provide of
variations did you uncover?
Not being adaptable with variations can presumably correspond with many difficulties,
similar to psychological constraints, psychological stress, stress and custom shock.
47
15
eight
20
21
33
zero 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Respondents
Others
Humor
Vitality distance
Human relation
Communication
Positive, 67%
No, 33%
No, 28%
Positive, 72% Positive, 74%
No, 26%
Decide 16. Did you might need experience
constraints/points working with
mixed-crews?
Decide 17. Constrains/points with
mixed-crews onboard ship
About 81 % of seafarers found a variety of constraints inside cross-cultural crews.
A number of of those constraints are communication, human relation, vitality distance and
humor (Decide 16 and Decide 17). In observe, a communication disadvantage is a
dominant portion on board ship (33 respondents). As an example, unclear
pronunciation and accent points end in misunderstandings and misinterpretation
(ambiguity). This might affect on the hazards of ship operations. Subsequently, it is
very important to utilize clear and correct pronunciation and be correctly understood.
Socializing and sharing might help to spice up the emotional stability inside crews.
Moreover, it options to stay away from boredom and loneliness.
Decide 18. Did you socialize with completely different
mixed-crews after obligation?
Decide 19. Are Human relations and
social interactions very important?
About 72 % of respondents (seafarers) socialized with their mates from
completely completely different nationalities after duties, nonetheless some preferred to not take motion on account of positive
causes (Decide 18). Human relationships and social interactions are two points that
can’t be separated socially and professionally. Responses relating to the
48
Re sponde nts
No, 22%
Positive, 78%
No, 18%
Positive, 82%
significance of human relations and social interactions current that 74 %
respondents ticked “Positive” (Decide 19). Although its necessity is obvious, some
respondents need to not get alongside because of it is usually sophisticated to work along with
crews from completely completely different worldwide areas, nonetheless it is going to rely upon each specific particular person character.
One different issue is the socio-cultural technique. This perform concerns the facility to
understand individuals, socially and culturally. At sea, crews need areas the place they
can meet and share in a additional stress-free state of affairs, significantly after tense work. At
such gatherings, the socio-cultural technique will take over the place in establishing the
interaction.
Decide 20. Is the socio-cultural
technique very important inside the multinational
environment onboard ship?
Decide 21. Do you assume a sociocultural technique can harmonize the
working environment?
82 % of the respondents ticked “Positive” to the question: “Is socio-cultural
very important in multinational environment onboard ships?” (Decide 20). “Do you assume a
socio-cultural technique can harmonize working environment?” Regarding this
question, about 78 % (76 respondents) answered “Positive” (Decide 21). It could be
inferred socio-cultural technique is important to be thought-about inside the
multicultural and multilingual context. This could be a key matter for supporting safety
inside mixed-crews onboard ships. This technique is supposed to help of us to
understand and to manage themselves in cross-cultural environments. Sadly,
there isn’t any such factor as a coaching equipped relating to the cross-cultural technique. Since human
errors are primarily related to a shortage of communication and lack of cultural consciousness.
Subsequently, socio-cultural course have to be equipped at MET institutions and/or in
supply companies. A question to investigate the necessity of socio-cultural
coaching is obtainable in Decide 21.
49
25
45
22
5
zero
10
20
30
40
50
Respondents
Strongly
agree
Agree Not sure Disagree
Decide 22. Respondent’s view on Socio-cultural coaching and if
it helps seafarers dealing with mixed-crews onboard ship.
45 respondents agreed and 25 additional strongly agreed with this idea (Decide 22), that
asocio-cultural course is important as a result of it helps crews to know new or completely different
cultures. Subsequently, it could be inferred that socio-cultural data is required for
seafarers as a result of it helps to strengthen social experience and the psychological framework. This light
expertise permits seafarers to bridge the variations in a cross-cultural setting. A Dutch
crew respondent expressed his opinion regarding this matter: “There have to be an
coaching about how one can research the host custom the place crews are going to sail to a
positive nation”. At least human errors could also be diminished which in the end minimizes
the incidents and accidents. Subsequently, such coaching have to be equipped.
In MET institutions and/or supply companies, a socio-cultural subject could also be
equipped as a non-technical expertise. Such a functionality is required to be highly effective to
cadets/seafarers with a goal to reinforce their sensitivity with individuals and their cultures.
With the facility gained, cadets are intelligent on how one can respect completely different crews with
their very personal distinctive traits inside the multicultural environment onboard ship.
Subsequently, there is a should put a socio-cultural subject inside the curriculum.
50
16
53
17
11
zero
10
20
30
40
50
60
Respondents
Strongly
agree
Agree Not sure Disagree
No, 30%
Positive, 70%
Decide 23. Should the socio-culture
subject be included inside the curriculum?
Decide 24. Should IMO recommend a
publication (guideline very like Model
Packages Three.17 or the SMCP) related to
the socio-cultural subject.
Responding to the question “Should socio-culture subject be included in
curriculum?” on this survey, about 70 % of the respondents ticked “Positive” with
this idea (Decide 23). It could be inferred that the subject of socio-culture have to be put
inside the MET curriculum as non-technical coaching. To assist this coaching, related
occasions should work collectively to understand it inside the topic. That IMO should issue a
guideline related to socio-cultural coaching (very like Model Course Three.17 and 1.21),
about 53 respondents ticked “Agree” and 16 additional “strongly agree” with this
assertion (Decide 24). It could be concluded that it is vitally essential embrace crosscultural coaching inside the curriculum. On this respect; related occasions along with IMO
should bear in mind recommending a tenet related to a socio-cultural subject associated
to Model course Three.17 and 1.21. In these IMO Model packages, Maritime English and
Human obligation are deliberated. However, cultural data and its
understanding aren’t equipped particularly/aspect.
5.Three.2 Non-seafarers
91 non-seafarer respondents participated on this survey. These have been from, Africa,
Asia, Europe and the Heart East. This survey was a fruitful analysis because of
colleagues are from completely completely different nations and completely completely different cultures that characterize
multinational and multicultural societies. The multinational respondents chosen are
from WMU, Lund School, Chalmers School and locals in Malmö metropolis. The
latter represents a multicultural environment since immigrants have completely completely different
nationalities. Many people reside in Malmo for some causes similar to: warfare,
refugee/asylum, ambassador, missionaries and looking for a safer place. Throughout the
51
5
11
23
27
25
zero 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Respondent s
Meals
Humor
interpersonal experience
Communication
Social interactio
Positive, 79%
No, 21%
Positive, 23%
No, 77%
No, 33%
Positive,67%
cross-cultural environment, completely completely different of us have completely completely different experience in adapting
and adjusting themselves.
Decide 25. Multinational and
multicultural is an issue inside the
maritime commerce.
Decide 26. Is it simple to adapt and to
modify to the multinational and
multicultural environment?
The reality that nationality and cultural variations develop to be challenges inside the maritime
commerce is confirmed on this survey, as seen in Decide 25. On the question “Is it simple to
adapt and to manage with multinational and multicultural environment?” 77 % of
the respondents answered “No” (Decide 26). It could be concluded that it’s not simple to
deal with the challenges of a multinational and multicultural environment. Cultural
aspects is a fragile matter since many different points might result in of us having
a complicated custom shock, significantly when of us can’t attain their expectations
inside one different completely different custom. On this survey, 67 % of the respondents had have
experience of custom shock (Decide 27).
Decide 27. Did you might need any
experience of custom shock?
Decide 28. What sources of constraints/
points did you uncover?
Not being adaptable to new cultures impacts custom shock. Consequently, the
constraints similar to social interaction, communication, interpersonal relationships,
52
34 36
18
Three
zero
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Strongly
agree
Agree Not sure Disagree
Resp ond ents
27
38
19
7
zero
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Strongly
agree
Agree Not sure Disagree
Respondents
humor and meals additional intensively occur in multicultural of us in distinction with the
monocultural environment. In observe, 27 respondents have a communication
constraint dealing with the cross-cultural society (Decide 28). Using mother language
inside respondents from associated custom turns right into a barrier and it impacts cultural
constraints, similar to miscommunication and misunderstanding. The issue of human
relationships and social interaction can’t be neglected since good interpersonal
relationship ends in good cooperation.
Decide 29. Human relations and social
interactions are needed.
Decide 30. Cultural intelligence is essential
inside the multinational & multicultural
environment.
Figures 29 and 30 current the importance of human relations and social interaction in
the multicultural environment. On this survey, 38 respondents ticked “Agree” with this
thought (Decide 29). A small portion of the sample responded “Disagree” for a specific
motive. Subsequently, it could be inferred that human relationships and social interactions
are needed in a world society. The assertion that cultural intelligence is essential inside the
multinational & multicultural environment resulted in 34 respondents ticking “Strongly
agree” and 36 respondents ticking “Agree” (Decide 30). Subsequently, it could be inferred
that its significance is to derive larger relationships inside the cross-cultural environment.
Finding out from casualties, the issue of human error have to be solved. A
preventive movement have to be undertaken. A question is assigned: “Do you assume
socio-cultural coaching in cross-cultural environment can improve safety?”
53
27
30
25
9
zero
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Strongly
agree
Agree Not sure Disagree
Respondents
No, 29%
Positive, 71%
Positive, 77%
No, 23%
Decide 31. Do you assume the socio-cultural technique
improves the human part and maritime safety?
On this survey, about 71 % of the respondents ticked “Positive” relating to the thought
of a socio-cultural coaching can improve safety in a cross-cultural environment
(Decide 31). Regarding this, a cross-cultural coaching could also be equipped in idea
and/or in smart onboard teaching ships. This subject targets to help of us clear up
custom shock; to reinforce cultural understanding and to respect of us from completely different
cultures. The socio-cultural coaching accommodates the human experience, similar to:
communication expertise, cultural intelligence and administration expertise. The assertion on
the necessity to conduct a socio-cultural course in maritime institutions could also be seen
in Decide 32.
Decide 32. Is socio-cultural
coaching important to be equipped
in maritime institutions?
Decide 33. Your authorities (Maritime
Administration) should take an initiative to
current smart analysis/curriculum for
enhancing cultural consciousness (social
experience) and recommend it to the IMO when
attainable.
54
About 77 % of the respondents answered “Positive” (Decide 32) to the question
“Should maritime institutions current a socio-cultural course?”. From this consequence, it
could also be inferred that socio-cultural coaching is essential to be equipped in maritime
institutions. This analysis is pertinent for the oldsters (seafarers) who work in a
multinational state of affairs. In supporting this course, Governments (Maritime
Administrations) should take the initiative to provide smart analysis/curriculum for
enhancing cultural consciousness (social experience) and recommend it to IMO when attainable. In
this survey, 57 respondents (about 63 %) responded “Strongly agree” and
“Agree” with this idea (Decide 33). However, some answered “Disagree”. In all probability,
the reason is because of there could also be nonetheless no IMO guideline relating to cultural data
which is related proper right into a curriculum. IMO should facilitate such a form of printed
doc that is related for cadets/seafarers in maritime institutions. As an
occasion, the Maritime English curriculum has been made as inside the IMO Model
Course Three.17 and SMCP. Equally, there have to be such a tenet for sociocultural data from which the curriculum could also be formulated. As cultures and
individuals have broad interpretations, no exact customary could also be carried out in all
worldwide areas. “…IMO can require each member state to ship its distinctive choices that
this nation desires the supply world to know…no particular person understands completely different cultures
larger than the one which belongs to this custom” (Thuong, 2007, p. 36). Subsequently
IMO should work together with its member states (Maritime Administrations). IMO
should require each nation to assemble its nationwide customary of custom that ought to
be acknowledged on the planet maritime society. When the data from the worldwide areas have
been collected, IMO can formulate a suggestion appropriately.
5.4 Sample from the respondents options
The traits of people from completely completely different worldwide areas are clearly distinctive. Cultures
can have an effect on how of us categorical themselves inside the work environment or in social
life. Onboard ships, the multinational environment challenges the human part.
The following conversations have been taken from multinational seafarers who’re
conversant within the mixed-crew environment onboard ships. The topics concern the
cultural factors. The abbreviation IR stands for the interviewer and IE stands for the
Interviewee.
55
Excerpt 1: regular considered world (worldwide) custom along with the variations
between West and East cultures.
IR: What’s your opinion about worldwide custom?
IE: The custom amongst nations. That custom presents affect with conduct,
perspective, (positive…positive…) that is utterly true.
IR: What’s your opinion about variations between Western and Japanese crews?
IE: There are traits between Japanese and Western. (Mmm…) for
occasion: the notions of punctuality, family, work (occupation) and self-discipline.
It is advisable know cultural background. It was very subtle after I found
mixed-crews from Moslem nation. (mmm…) each of them eat positive meals.
There have been positive strategies. As an example: consuming `Halal` meals. (hh…positive…)
Notion can affect custom. It have to be revered if you find yourself working with
of us from completely completely different nationalities. One different issue is communication, onboard
ship, I found principally they like to assemble with crews from an identical worldwide areas
and using their mother language, instead of English. Between Japanese and
Western almost has an identical conduct. (Mm…) is also because of simple to them
categorical their feeling (laughing).
IE affirms an opinion about worldwide custom. In response to IE, it is the custom amongst
nations. These cultures are mirrored in perspective and conduct. In his comment, there
are the distinctive traits of the Easterner and Easterner. Throughout the matter of
notion, IE moreover affirms about meals. Moslem crews can solely eat the Halal meals and
drinks. To harmonize the variations, non-Moslem crews’ onboard ship should
respect with completely different buddies, and vice versa. IE speaks enthusiastically about this
issue.
Opinion(s) from a Swedish interviewee regarding the respective factors have been moreover
recorded, as follows:
IR: Can you see the variations between East and West?
IE: Positive, in spite of everything many. Totally completely completely different. Nonetheless instead of variations,
there are moreover similarities because of we’re individuals… (Laughing…). The
method of communication is 2 absolutely distinction. Western is form of
direct. (ee..)…if he does not like or disagree one factor… he speaks
immediately. Nonetheless I uncover my good pal from USA acknowledged Swedish communication could also be very
56
indirect.. is form of delicate and peaceful..(hhmm). In Japanese, is form of not simple
to speak disagreement to achieve immediately on that exact particular person. Ultimately I
interpret the which suggests on indirect communication. (…) to cope with this, I
sometime assure myself to look at it as soon as extra whether or not or not my speaking is
understood. For me, in all probability essentially the most very important is.. me as a western, I must
know the Japanese custom.. Japanese custom simply is not acceptable to say that
you do not agree alongside along with your boss, and is not acceptable to ask many
questions because of it might appear that you simply simply do know one thing. (Mm…) So,
even after I discuss with someone, for e.g. from Indonesia, I’ve to
double study that as well as they understand the data. On account of I inform
them into direct….
IR: Onboard ship, did you uncover difficulties thus far to talk?
IE: At sea after I talk with japanese custom, far more is delicate, could very properly be
additional indirect (…) me as a Swedish man usually I uncover troublesome to know
what my good pal say from Indonesia, actually attempt to say.. Nonetheless they’re
deep in someway (hehe..) that I suppose to know, nonetheless simply is not on a regular basis.
IR: What a few administration?
IE: From my very personal experience I can say administration in western focused on
consequence (…) whereas japanese tend to concentrate inside the course of… One different
issue is just a few japanese emphasize to watch the rule, (hh…) others
emphasize to take initiative on the state of affairs; in spite of everything completely completely different technique
could also be good or harmful… (ja..ja..).
IE expressed how Western and Japanese of us discuss with each other. This
concerns communication mannequin. IE speaks immediately and open mindedly. IE´s conduct
and one of the best ways of speaking characterize a Westerner. IE suggestions that although
Westerners are acknowledged for directness, usually indirect mannequin communication is
adopted when speaking with European of us.
IE from Madagascar presents an opinion on the completely completely different views. IE emphasizes
communication in group onboard ship. Onboard ship, crew members from associated
worldwide areas need to discuss in group with each other pretty than chatting with crew
members from completely different worldwide areas. Naturally, this could be a common interaction that will not be
compelled.
57
One different matter which concerns custom shock is transcribed below:
Excerpt 2: the topic is about custom shock and the way one could make adaptation and
adjustments.
IR: What’s your opinion about custom shock?
IE: It is coming from misunderstanding or not determining. When one custom and
you is likely to be shock what seems to be occurred.
IR: adapt inside custom shock?
IE: Correctly…it is going to rely upon every specific particular person. For individuals who work with irrespective of sort of
ships, you may work with prior embankment on board. Which nationality or
which cultural origin you are employed with. It’s vitally very important to spend few situations
studying prior working onboard. What I think about is to adapt and to manage.
The interviewee expressed an opinion relating to custom shock. IE affirms that
custom shock is introduced on by misunderstanding or not determining completely different cultures that
causes confusion. On this sense, it is going to rely upon ones private character and specific particular person
traits and the way one can deal with it. IE shares the importance of adaptation and
adjustment with new cultures. Good interpersonal relationships could find yourself in a
harmonious working environment the place cooperation completely options. However, the
incapacity to talk, similar to an inadequacy inside the English language, ends in
constraints every professionally and socially. On this dialog, IE expresses the
significance of English in ship manning as a part of the human part; that this
part is a most essential concern inside the mixed-cultural environment.
Excerpt Three: the topic is on how socio-cultural technique can efficiently cope with safety
operations inside the cross-cultural environment.
IR: What’s your opinion about socio-cultural technique onboard ships?
IE: Human part is a center piece of (ee…) every system onboard. It is major
part that operates the ship. When you do not acutely aware the aspect of human
part/socio-cultural background, it might be dangerous, or it is going to presumably lead
misinterpretation the order…instruction. Subsequently, socio cultural aspect of
human part has an enormous place to play and this can be very very important, actually (hh.. positive)…
IR: Do you assume this technique is important? Share your opinion!
IE: Positive, it is going to be vital. Why? It will help in understanding amongst crews. On account of
that might be a elementary foundation in conducting any actions onboard. If there could also be
58
understanding in every train, it is going to doubtless be very environment friendly. We have now now administration
onboard moreover, to be additional adapt as correctly. ….It helps crews to adapt themselves to
the environment, administration onboard, one of the best ways of working, one of the best ways of giving
instruction to the crews, one of the best ways to motivating, to adapt inside environment to
firm. To deal with in productive method the crew onboard. As part of sociocultural analysis, the true of communication, (….) language is paramount. By
means every crew should know English because it’s worldwide language in
supply.
Excerpt 4: The topic is regarding the suggestion of socio-cultural pointers by
IMO
IR: The time interval of IMO´s place, do you might need any comment?
IE: As a substitute of SMCP, the one IMO can do is … giving some incentive for member
states to reinforce the…to advice the member states to emphasize the subject
of socio-cultural matter.
IR: In your opinion, is it needed to be regulated/actually useful by IMO?
IE: Correctly…Unlikely as regulation. Nonetheless suggestion. Such form of advisory
guideline for cultural analysis (associated with SMCP). Advice to maritime institutions
to emphasize socio-cultural subject. Unlikely regulation, nonetheless advisory in time interval
of guideline. IMO presents an incentive to flag state to reinforce or to advice
maritime institutions to establish socio-cultural analysis.
A Swedish crew member shared his viewpoints relating to IMO´s place:
IR: What’s your opinion relating to IMO´s place by a socio-cultural
coaching?
IE: Have to be regulated similar to cultural teaching. …to achieve the overall goal can
be elevated safety and cut back casualties. IMO should look into attainable method.
Important issue is cultural teaching. On how one can research cultural distinction as a
subject. As soon as I used to be on teaching ship, we uncover methods to debate in radio nonetheless we
on no account uncover methods to interpret the message. What they actually indicate. In
completely completely different custom, it is going to presumably indicate completely completely different one factor…various misunderstanding
could not be prevented. Will probably be vital that teaching to be regulated because of not
simple to skip the course in maritime institutions if they aren’t regulated. IMO
should bear in mind to be regulated this course.
59
IE emphasizes the importance of socio-cultural teaching that have to be equipped in
maritime institutions. IE says that IMO should recommend a tenet very like its
Model Packages Three.17 and 1.21 and/or SMCP. IE presents an enthusiastic opinion. IE
strongly agrees with that assertion. Sometimes, IE stresses via the usage of the phrase
“why?” to ensure IR that the problem of human part and socio-cultural technique
are clearly useful when addressing safe manning. By way of the dialog, IE
believes that communication experience and good administration inside the multicultural
environment are very important, significantly for a lot of who’ve a carry out on the
administration stage. As part of the non-technical experience, this technique is useful and
related in working onboard. One of the best ways IE expresses his viewpoints is supported
with gestures and physique language all via. Sometimes, IE reveals a crucial
mimic too. Moreover, IE expresses broad insights regarding the cultural phenomenon
that social and cultural approaches are associated in multinational supply today.
It would rework a constructive affect on harmonizing working circumstances onboard
ships. From the interview, the IEs expressed their opinion that the approaches,
socially and culturally, are very important in multicultural and multilingual environment in
order to reinforce maritime safety.
5.5 Chapter conclusion
The evaluation and survey reveals that the majority of respondents, every seafarers and
non-seafarers, found a variety of constraints contained in the cross-cultural environment, such
as communication, vitality distance, social interaction and humor, the place the
dominant disadvantage is the communication (language). In several phrases, to adapt and to
modify with of us from completely completely different nations and completely completely different worldwide areas aren’t simple duties.
Every seafarers and non-seafarers should socialize inside the multicultural environment
onboard ships along with ashore. The conversations inside seafarer respondents
are moreover transcribed on this chapter. Matter discussions relating to the problem of
multicultural seafarers onboard ships. The interviewees categorical their opinions and
suggestions related to usefulness of the socio-cultural technique to harmonize
seafarers working circumstances; the roles of stakeholders in conducting this coaching
for cadets/seafarers and some revered factors are moreover expressed. Although they
have completely completely different views and opinions, their visions are obvious to cope with safety
onboard ships. The overwhelming majority of respondents moreover see that cultural consciousness,
60
human relations and social interactions are very important. Subsequently, they agree with the
idea that socio-cultural analysis is useful and have to be equipped in maritime
institutions with a goal to reinforce safety operations in multinational supply. Related
occasions along with IMO and its member states should recommend a socio-cultural
coaching inside the maritime commerce and issue a publication related to the subject as
observe as a lot because the worthwhile 2010, Yr of the Seafarer advertising marketing campaign.
61
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS
“How nice that we have met with a paradox. Now we have got some hope of
making progress”.

(Niels Bohr, 1885-1962)
6.1 Conclusion
The speedy development inside the supply commerce, principally inside the rising number of
service supplier marine fleets, has affected the rising requires on licensed seafarers
whereas the amount/share of seafarers relative to the fleet amount is in
imbalance. There’s even a shortage of licensed seafarers as many youthful individuals should not
anymore inside the seafaring occupation. Fixing this dilemma, the shipowners and employers search seafarers not solely of their very personal nationality, however moreover
completely different nationalities, to man their fleets. Subsequently, there could also be additional employment of
multinational crews. Today, many ships are manned with crews not solely of 1
nationality, nonetheless of a variety of nationalities. Since completely completely different nationalities have completely completely different
cultures, there are penalties on manning the ship with multicultural crews, every
constructive (benefits) and antagonistic (disadvantages).
The human concern (human part) and maritime safety are two interrelated major
concerns in supply. As an influence of multicultural manning, seafarers are required to
have every technical and delicate expertise/competences to maintain up good working circumstances
and safety onboard. Concerning this matter, MET institutions as a result of the expert
seafarer property suppliers are challenged to provide the seafarers with every experience,
as there could also be nonetheless no particular model course for the light experience (however).
62
Tales have confirmed that casualties occur additional often on ships manned by mixedcrews than operated by a single nationality. Human error has been claimed to be the
root clarification for such accidents, of which some are introduced on by communication failure.
However, this concern simply is not dealt with as a severe priority of investigation by many official
investigators. The communication gap between the crews from completely completely different nationalities
nonetheless exists because of cultural adjustment disadvantage (custom shock). Subsequently, inside the
multicultural context, communication experience is an absolute expertise. However, the reply
for communication points amongst multicultural crews aren’t solely an sufficient
literacy in Maritime English, however moreover intelligence in cultural and human. A senses
which is the potential to adapt and to make adjustments in new diversified cultures.
The overwhelming majority of respondents on this survey affirmed that the companies (maritime
institutions) the place they’re serving have been requiring satisfactory English literacy for
the employee for sometime. The respondents are every seafarers and non-seafarers.
This proves that English is getting used as a result of the frequent worldwide language. As
a variety of the companies are worldwide companies, English was chosen to bridge
any variations (cultural) among the many many employees, who’re from completely completely different nationalities
with completely completely different cultures. By this means, it helps of us (ship’s crews) to work collectively inside
the blended social group onboard.
However, one other respondents affirmed that their companies did not require very
good English literacy for his or her employees, as long as they’re capable of work. On this
case, English literacy simply is not an absolute requirement. They use one different strategy to combine
in to the work state of affairs onboard. For blending-in, they should be succesful to adapt
themselves to the group by determining the conduct of the group. This
implies that cultural consciousness is required. “…Changes is state of affairs over time require
right state of affairs consciousness and corresponding adjustments of communication and
behaviors” (Koester & Sorensen, 2004, p. 226). Many Asian rankings (seafarers) do
not have satisfactory English literacy, nonetheless they’ll make good relationships and a
good working environment with the alternative crew members from completely different nationalities
onboard. Thus, the socio-cultural technique is required because of it helps of us to
understand and to adapt to completely different cultures. In several phrases, socio-cultural analysis can
not be neglected as a result of it helps to provide social experience and to reinforce the psychological
framework that permits of us to bridge the variations inside the cross-cultural setting.
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The need for a socio-cultural analysis is supported by the reality that there are additional
multicultural seafarer employments and they also nonetheless uncover many variations and gaps
amongst cultures, significantly East and West. The completely completely different attitudes and conduct
amongst Japanese and Western crews consciously and unconsciously is mirrored in
the day-to-day life at sea. In actuality, it is not simple to deal with crews from completely completely different
nationalities and completely completely different cultures. Most people experience custom shock all through
adaptation and adjustment to the multicultural environment.
Usually, seafarers found a variety of challenges inside multicultural crews, similar to
communication, vitality distance and social interaction, as has been found inside the
survey. The dominant disadvantage is communication (language). Realizing the
constraints, as social human beings, seafarers are more likely to socialize with their colleagues
in numerous attainable occasions onboard. Leisure time and a spot the place they’ll
share time with completely different are needed. That’s confirmed inside the survey data. However, some
of us need to be alone after their work for positive causes. Not all seafarers want to
socialize after work. Subsequently, inside the multicultural context, to socialize with others is
a non-public should stay away from loneliness and alienation, at least. Being intelligent inside the
cross-cultural environment could assist of us/crew members to work with larger
collaboration in ship operations. Furthermore, a fantastic and safe working state of affairs
onboard, along with the social relationship, moreover will rely upon good administration. Good
communication experience and cultural intelligence helps good administration in
multicultural context. Good administration reduces the antagonistic affect of vitality
distance amongst crews. If these challenges could also be correctly managed, similar to by
enhancing the technical and non-technical experience, the benefits from the employment of
multicultural crews is likely to be optimum.
Socio-cultural consciousness is important inside the multinational environment. Sociocultural analysis helps seafarers with a goal to harmonize the working circumstances and
improve safety. A sort of coaching in light experience, similar to worldwide custom
data, is required. MET institutions, as a result of the educated seafarer suppliers, preserve an
very important place in providing the form of coaching. In several phrases, maritime
institutions should conduct a socio-cultural course. However, a model course in
multicultural subjects has not however been equipped by IMO.
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Socio-cultural analysis is a big and customary analysis which is not simple to implement in
MET institutions which are designed as areas for maritime technical expertise analysis.
Subsequently, the smart curriculum in light experience have to be designed. As native MET
institutions are beneath the route and supervision of their Maritime Administrations
(governments), the involvement of the administration in designing the curriculum on
this subject is essential. On this regard, the formulation of the curriculum refers to
the principles as actually useful by IMO. However, the principles have not however been
equipped. Subsequently, IMO should current a suggestion for the principles on
this issue. However, sooner than issuing a suggestion on this issue, IMO requires
the inputs and participation of each Maritime Administration. In several phrases,
options and cooperation between Maritime Administrations and IMO is required.
6.2 Analysis options
In response to the conclusions, eight options on the issues are talked about,
as follows:
1. The socio-cultural coaching is chosen as a suitable reply in
multinational supply. This analysis emphasizes the cultural intelligence that
benefits the human part inside the maritime topic. As a result of the socio-cultural coaching
is frequent and likely is likely to be too subtle and take a giant part of inside the
curriculum, the analysis is also minimized and emphasised on the important
languages. That’s moreover what has been utilized at a variety of worldwide
institutions/colleges and at WMU. The students are given a familiarization
orientation of the native custom/customs.
2. IMO should issue a publication related to socio-cultural analysis which will very properly be a
data at maritime institutions. Such an instrument can carry out to develop
cultural coaching for seafarers. Model packages Three.14 and 1.21 have been
printed, nonetheless particulars about cross-cultural and human experience aren’t included.
Subsequently, a socio-cultural model course for maritime capabilities is required.
Three. Maritime administrations should take the initiative to be pro-active in proposing
socio-cultural coaching in MET institutions.
65
4. MET institutions have to be pro-active to conduct coaching in non-technical
subjects. A socio-cultural subject have to be included inside the curriculum.
Moreover, MET and related evaluation organizations have to be additional energetic in
conducting extra evaluation in socio-cultural analysis inside the cross-cultural context.
Expertise and maritime specialists’ who’re related to the sector house have to be
consulted and included for added evaluation.
5. Supply companies and manning firms should take the initiative to provide
fast course/teaching related to cultures. This course have to be carried out sooner than
the seafarer indicators on a ship.
6. As language is the dominant human interaction barrier, the lecture hours of
Maritime English inside the MET syllabus have to be extended to non-English
speaking worldwide areas. The analysis (passing grade) on this subject additionally must
be stricter.
7. School college students in MET institutions have to be enriched with internationally acknowledged
language data aside from English, similar to Spanish and French, because of
language is probably going one of many strategies of us can combine into one different custom. The portion
for this analysis must be by glossaries and at least straightforward/frequent
conversations. School college students can research extra themselves.
eight. Sooner than changing into a member of a ship, a seafarer have to be educated regarding the nationalities of the
crew onboard. This can be acknowledged by providing the meant ship’s crew guidelines to
the manning office. The manning office should then current a short course
regarding the custom/language of the nationalities of the onboard crew. The
lecturer of this short-course could very properly be a former or energetic seafarer who has broad
experience of crusing with the nationality. This targets to resolve the problems of
custom shock, significantly for the in-experienced/latest graduate seafarer.
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CHAPTER 7
DISCUSSION
“Actuality cannot be found in addition to in a single single provide, as a result of connection of
all points with one another”.
(Leibniz, 1670)
7.1 Further remarks
The evaluation on the problem of multicultural manning has been a attractive and
worthwhile various for the creator who had has to deal with of us from completely completely different
cultures and nationalities, significantly when dealing with service supplier seafarers. There
are nonetheless many alternative factors that could be the subject of research, related to custom and
human part, aside from topics talked about on this paper.
Concerning personal conduct, which seems to be a part of the mentality developed
by the custom, some seafarers complain about shipmasters and division heads
(Chief Officers or Chief Engineers) that on a regular basis use abusive language, pretty than
giving smart and corrective directions, when minor errors or points are made by
their sub-ordinates. This conduct is neither productive nor to be maintained. On account of
the utilization of provocative phrases, completely different crew members residing onboard of mixednationalities can react emotionally. One of the best ways of us react depends upon upon a variety of
components, similar to their psychological state as affected by their custom and religion, their
psychological state of affairs and the working environment onboard. Some of us take it
merely. However, others might take it considerably and it’d develop to be a additional crucial
67
disadvantage involving a person’s life, each individually or collectively, based totally on
racial/nationality groups. There are a variety of incidents/evaluations of shipmasters or
division heads who’ve been threatened, killed or thrown overboard by their subordinates attributable to their very personal conduct. This proves that social life can be an very important
matter inside the safety of life. As has been talked about earlier that one who is good in a
social group (custom) simply is not on a regular basis good in a single different social group, of us (seafarers)
should research the conduct of people from completely different cultures to stay away from misunderstandings
in conduct.
Evaluation on personnel cleverness or overconfidence could very properly be an fascinating one
related to safety points. Onboard ships, quite a few crews with completely completely different educational
backgrounds meet each other. Related to custom and nationality, some crews
from positive nationalities are nonetheless contemplating that they’ve the subsequent stage of knowledge
or coaching in distinction with of us from completely different worldwide areas. Subsequently, they
underestimate the alternative of us and are overconfident themselves. That’s moreover what
could also be found on board. Some crewmembers nonetheless underestimate their superordinates in the event that they arrive from a country with a lower stage of economic system (third world).
They usually assume that they are cleverer than their super-ordinates, which is
confirmed by arguing or debating with the super-ordinate’s orders, pretty than giving
their opinions or ideas in a properly mannered technique. Sometimes there are accidents, which are
not formally reported, introduced on by the disobedience of a crewmember in the direction of his/her
super-ordinate’s orders/instructions. The crewmember thinks that his method of labor is
larger than the instructions/orders given by his super-ordinate because of he thinks
that he is “additional expert” than his super-ordinate and he is from a country which
is “additional civilized” than his super-ordinate’s nation. However, the super-ordinate
has given the instructions/orders in step with the correct procedures which are
presumably not acknowledged however by the crewmember. This thought of overconfidence should
not be launched into personnel mentality. Subsequently, a analysis regarding the matter and
its influence on safety could very properly be an fascinating one.
The evaluation, options and proposals relating to the issues with
multicultural manning aren’t carried out for nothing. The specialists have been carrying
out this evaluation spending their time and payments on the very important capabilities, i.e.
to contribute inside the development of the maritime sector principally and to reinforce
68
maritime a safety significantly, along with to promote the seafaring occupation as a
safe, revered and promising occupation. That’s moreover to assist the “2010: Yr of
the Seafarers” IMO initiative to be additional actual trying.
7.2 Extra evaluation
With a goal to reinforce the human part, the need for a socio-cultural course similar to
light experience have to be emphasised inside extra evaluation, as follows:
1. Decide the cultural constraints on deck and inside the engine room.
2. The affect of cultural constraints on seafarers along with fixing the
points.
Three. Fatigue versus custom.
4. Evaluation on how seafarers spend their leisure time onboard.
5. Evaluation on former seafarers who’ve been involved ashore and folks
who can’t stand a seafaring career any longer.
7.Three Weaknesses of the current analysis
The evaluation on the problem of multicultural manning has been a attractive and
worthwhile various, as a result of the creator has wanted to deal with of us from completely completely different
cultures and nationalities, significantly service supplier seafarers. The parents involved on this
evaluation have completely completely different visions of the seafaring occupation and maritime sector.
Even if these visions and opinions are completely completely different, they’re all meant for the
an identical purpose, i.e. the upper development of the maritime sector and safety.
However, there are a selection of limitations found which have affected this evaluation. The
analysis on this issue was restricted by time, as a result of the creator solely had 4 (four) months to
full ambitions her job. This analysis required additional time to go looking out additional chances
into crusing surveillance in multinational supply with a goal to accumulate additional proof for
the surveys findings. To cope with the restrictions, the creator took a variety of reliable
written references/literature which have been acknowledged internationally and
consulted with the specialists on this topic.
The data gathering has moreover had its limitation. The samples and interviewees can
not be taken from all components of the world. Although the collaborating respondents have been
69
from completely completely different nationalities, this would possibly nonetheless solely be a relatively small sample.
However, the analysis from literature critiques built-in with one’s private cultural
experience could stability this limitation to present a larger technique of the analysis.
One different concern found via the survey was the excellence of delicate price in
every custom. One which is good in a single social group (custom) simply is not on a regular basis good in
one different social groups. The price derived from a practice can’t be used as a result of the
customary price to judge points in frequent. Subsequently, the creator emphasizes the
use of frequent sense in relation with cultural selection and the mixture inside the worldwide
maritime commerce.
Not being a seafarer and a non-native English particular person are obstacles for the creator. It is
not simple to accumulate samples from ships worldwide inside a four-month interval.
However, the multinational downside has given options every formal and
informal to examine the socio-cultural aspects inside the maritime topic framework. The
analysis of maritime affairs in MET specializations at WMU gave the motivation to
elaborate the analysis of socio-culture inside the multinational and multicultural context.
Hopefully, at least this will often contribute one factor useful to maritime communities in
order to reinforce safety and the human part in supply.
70
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78
APPENDIX A
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WESTERNERS AND ASIANS
Westerner Asian Westerner Asian
1. Opinion 2. Life-style
Three. Contact 4. Anger
5. Throughout the restaurant 6. Queuing when prepared
79
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WESTERNERS AND ASIANS
Westerner Asian Westerner Asian
7. The boss eight. Coping with the difficulty
Me
(Provide: Armstrong , 2008)
80
APPENDIX B
CULTURE SHOCK ADAPTATION AND ADJUSTMENT
What of us can do to
effectively transit by
Custom Shock
What buddies can do to help custom shock
and adjustment?
1. Acknowledge anxieties-pinpoint
the problems, desires and
concerns.
2. Research the model new custom as rapidly
as attainable. Be humble and
open to review good points.
Three. Immediately begin establishing
relationships with good buddies.
Meet locals who can assist you
in your adjustment to this new
culture-build perception significantly
with of us which is likely to be going to
can help you.
4. Try new points recurrently nonetheless
persistently. Do not let an preliminary
setback stop you from attempting
as soon as extra. When you fail, try as soon as extra.
We aren’t wonderful.
5. Be versatile. Cultural adjustment
is hard work. Take time to rest
and mirror in your adjustment
experience.
6. Participate in social events on
and off the campus to develop to be
additional conversant within the host
custom and existence.
1. We should at all times think about the tactic of
cultural adjustment and custom shock.
Share that knowledge with our
worldwide good pal as a kind of
encouragement and reassurance. Most
incoming faculty college students aren’t acutely aware of that
adjustment course of.
2. We’re capable of develop to be the cultural informant for
our worldwide good pal. Help make clear how
points work. Speak about our native idioms off
the wall, I odor a rat, talk slowly.
Three. Work at larger understanding our
worldwide good pal’s cultural background.
It isn’t going to solely current topics for
dialog, however moreover sow we care
adequate to work together in true cross cultural
dialogue.
4. Know the boundaries of your involvement
Financial, instructional or psychological
points have to be directed to the proper
people who could assist shut buddies,
advisors or significantly, to his or her pastor.
5. Do not on a regular basis come all through as a result of the skilled.
Work in the direction of a relationship of equals. Allow
for reciprocity inside the relationship. It is simple
to on a regular basis be the one giving. Allow our
buddies to ask us for tea, a meal, or a
movie.
6. Be a fantastic listener and ask questions.
Perception is the bridge for cross-culture
communication. Forgiveness as a life mannequin;
Love and respect are the essential factor.
(Provide: Wikipedia, 2009)
81
APPENDIX C

Re : A request to the respondent
Malmo, ………….. 2010
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am a scholar on the World Maritime School, Malmo. As a requirement of the
instructional program (dissertation), I am ending up evaluation related to the
significance of custom coaching/familiarization for seafarers to reinforce the working
circumstances and safety on board ships, significantly on the ships manned with
multicultural crews. That’s moreover meant to larger a seafarer’s social life and safety
on board ship.
Dissertation title:
“Multinational and Multicultural Seafarers and MET School college students: A Socio-cultural
Analysis for Bettering Maritime safety and the Education of Seafarers”
Throughout the attachment to this letter you may discover a questionnaire. You is likely to be kindly solicited
to fill the questionnaire. Please reply each question by marking the tick discipline and
write your opinion if very important. Likelihood is you may tick a number of discipline for one question,
relying in your opinion. There is not a correct or flawed reply. Your data and
options is likely to be saved strictly confidential and will not be talked about significantly inside the
report. Your data/reply is a part of worldwide findings.
Your assist and time in ending this questionnaire could also be very rather a lot appreciated. I
thanks very rather a lot in your cooperation and assist.
Sincerely yours,
Didin Alfiani Susetyo
82
APPENDIX D
Itemizing of respondents that returned questionnaires
No Nationalities Returned
1 Algerian 4
2 Argentine 1
Three Bahamian 2
4 Bahrain 2
5 Bangladeshi 1
6 Benin 1
7 British 4
eight Brazilian 1
9 Cape Verde 4
10 Chilean 2
11 Chinese language language 4
12 Colombian 1
13 Dutch 29
14 Egyptian 2
15 Ethiopian 2
16 Filipino eight
17 Ghanaian 4
18 Indian 4
19 Indonesian 19
20 Iranian 1
21 Iraqi 2
22 Italian 1
23 Japanese Three
24 Korean 10
25 Madagascar Three
26 Malaysian 1
27 Malawian 2
28 Mozambican Three
29 Myanmarese Three
30 Portuguese 5
31 Pakistani 2
32 Peruvian 2
83
Itemizing of respondents that returned questionnaires
No Nationalities Returned
33 Russian 6
34 Senegalese 1
35 Sierra Leonean Three
36 Sri Langkan 1
37 Spanish Three
38 Swedish 9
39 Saudi Arabic 1
40 Syrian 2
41 Yemeni 1
42 Senegalese 1
43 Tanzanian Three
44 Thai 2
45 Tunisian 4
46 Turkish Three
48 Uruguaian 2
49 Vietnamese 6
50 Yemeni 1
51 Unknown 6
Entire amount 188
84
APPENDIX E
CONVERSATION TOPICS
(Seafarers)
Size : ………
1. What’s your opinion a few worldwide custom?
2. Do you uncover any variations between crew members from West and East
cultures? If that is the case, what are their variations?
Three. Do you assume that multinational crewing are challengeing onboard ships? Why?
4. Is administration very important? Give your opinion!
5. Do you uncover any difficulties or constraints dealing with mixed-crews onboard
ship? If that is the case, give your comment!
6. Do you assume that socio-cultural coaching is useful to be taught for
cadets/seafarers? Why do you say so?
7. What’s your expectation(s) for cadets/faculty college students in worldwide supply for future?
eight. Should IMO recommend a socio-cultural publication? Why?
Thanks very rather a lot for taking your time!
85
APPENDIX F
QUESTIONNAIRE
(SEAFARERS)
Determine : ………………………
Determine of ship : …………………
Nationality : ………………………
Age : ………………………
Religion : ………………………
1. Have you ever ever sailed with multinational crews?
Positive No
2. Was your group required satisfactory English language every written and
spoken to you?
Positive No
Three. What language did you utilize to talk onboard ship?
Arabic English French Spanish Others
4. What does worldwide custom indicate to you?
…………………………………………………………….
5. Did you uncover any variations between crew members from West and East
cultures?
Positive No
6. If positive, what provide of variations did you uncover?
Notion Custom meals conduct Others
7. Did you uncover constraints and difficulties experience with mixed-crews?
Positive No
eight. If positive, which difficulties did you uncover?
Language Vitality distance Human relation Humor
9. Did you socialize with completely different mixed-crews after duties?
Positive No
10. Human part is important in multinational and multicultural environment
onboard ship
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
11. In your opinion, are human relations and social interactions very important?
Positive No
12. Do you assume socio-cultural technique can harmonize working environment?
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Positive No
13. Socio-cultural coaching is useful to helps seafarers dealing with mixed-crews
onboard ship.
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
14. Should socio-culture subject be included in curriculum?
Positive No
15. MET institutions/supply agency should conduct a socio-cultural course.
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
16. Should IMO issue a publication (associated with Model Course Three.17 or the SMCP)
related to socio-cultural subject.
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
17. Would you advocate completely different points related to the socio-cultural technique in
multinational supply?
…………………………………………………………….
Thanks for taking your time!
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APPENDIX G
QUESTIONNAIRE
(NON-SEAFARERS)
Determine : ………………………
Nationality : ………………………
Age : ………………………
Religion : ………………………
1. Did your group require satisfactory English language every written and spoken
to you?
Positive No
2. What language did you utilize to talk?
Arabic English Spanish Others
Three. What does worldwide custom indicate to you?
…………………………………………………………….
4. Is Multinational and multicultural factors troublesome in worldwide supply.
Positive No
5. Is it simple to adapt and to manage with multinational and multicultural
environment?
Positive No
6. Did you experience any points/constraints dealing with completely different of us from
completely completely different worldwide areas?
Positive No
7. If that is the case, which constraints or difficulties did you meet?
…………………………………………………………
eight. Human relation and social interaction are needed.
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
9. Cultural intelligence and leaderships are useful to harmonize working state of affairs
in cross-cultural environment.
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
10. Socio cultural technique enhancing maritime safety in multinational supply?
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
11. Socio-cultural technique helps of us to know and to adapt with completely different
cultures.
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
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12. Is socio-cultural coaching useful with a goal to reinforce maritime safety?
Positive No
13. Should maritime institutions conduct a socio-cultural course?
Positive No
14. Your authorities (Maritime Administration) should take initiative to provide
smart analysis/curriculum for enhancing cultural consciousness (social experience) and
recommend it to IMO when attainable.
Strongly agree Agree Not sure Disagree
15. Would you advocate completely different related factors with a goal to reinforce maritime safety?
…………………………………………………………….
Thanks for taking your time!
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APPENDIX H

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APPENDIX I

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