Study Guide and Note Outline for Oncologic Disorders
Covers assigned chapters in ATI and the Brunner & Suddarth text (see page and chart/table/figures to focus on below).
After reading the assigned chapters in the course textbook while using the ppts as study guides, consider focusing on the following. Note that these questions pertain to adult health in general and therefore are important irrespective of whether all of them/some of them appear on the exam!
ATI Chapters: 17 (bronchoscopy), 47 (colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, ostomy care), 62 (mammography), 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
General Cancer: Brunner and Suddarth, Chapter 15
Reading:
Entire chapter, excluding Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Hyperthermia; Targeted Therapies; and Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Health Therapies
Charts/Tables/Figures:
• Table 15-1, Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors
• Chart 15-2, ACS Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention
• Table 15-3, AVS Screening Guidelines (breast, colorectal, and lung)
• Table 15-4 Selected Diagnostic Tests (breast, colorectal, lung)
• Chart 15-3, TNM Classification System
• Chart 15-5, Safety in Handling Chemo
• Chart 15-7, Plan of Nursing Care
• Table 15-13, Oncologic Emergencies for hypercalcemia, tumor lysis syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome
Learning Objective #1: Identify the epidemiology and etiology of cancer.
a. What are the top three cancers in men and women?
b. Compare the characteristics of malignant and benign cancer cells.
c. What are the broad categories of cancer-causing agents? Identify examples of each.
Learning Objective #2: Describe the health promotion, diagnosis, and spread of cancer.
a. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
b. What are primary prevention recommendations for nutrition and physical activity?
c. What are the cancer screening recommendations for breast, colon, and lung cancer?
d. How is the TNM staging and grading system interpreted?
e. What is metastasis and how does it primarily occur?
Learning Objective #3: Describe the management of patients undergoing of surgery for cancer treatment.
a. What are the types of surgeries in cancer treatment and the goal of each?
b. What are the post-operative concerns, regardless of type?
Learning Objective #4: Describe the management of patients undergoing radiation.
a. What is the difference between external and internal radiation?
b. When do localized, early systemic, and late/chronic systemic effects occur and usually resolve?
c. What are common systemic effects (early and late/chronic) of radiation therapy?
d. What are the most common localized effects, depending on the area of radiation?
e. How do healthcare workers and caregivers protect themselves from the effects of internal radiation therapy?
Learning Objective #5: Describe the management of patients undergoing of chemotherapy.
c. What are the routes of chemotherapy administration and most common side effects?
d. What are the precautions a healthcare worker should take when caring for a patient receiving chemotherapy?
e. Describe the prevention, signs/symptoms, and interventions for chemotherapy extravasation.
f. Describe the types, timing, desensitization procedures, and priority intervention for hypersensitivity reactions.
Learning Objective #6: Identify assessment and nursing management of patients with cancer and with oncologic emergencies.
a. What are the nursing interventions and rationales for patients with the following nursing diagnoses:
i. Risk for infection r/t myelosuppression
ii. Risk for impaired skin integrity: erythematous and wet desquamation reactions to radiation therapy
iii. Impaired oral mucous membrane r/t stomatitis
iv. Imbalanced nutrition r/t nausea and vomiting
v. Imbalanced nutrition r/t anorexia or malabsorption
vi. Risk for bleeding
b. Explain the patho/causes, signs/symptoms, and interventions for hypercalcemia, tumor lysis syndrome, and superior vena cava syndrome.
Lung Cancer, Brunner and Suddarth, Chapters 20 and 23
Reading:
• Bronchoscopy, pp 505-506
• Chest Tumors (lung cancer only), pp 620-624
Charts/Tables/Figures: None
Learning Objective #7: Describe bronchoscopy and related nursing implications.
Learning Objective #8: Assignment help – Discuss the health assessment and nursing management of patients at risk for or with lung cancer.
a. What are the types of lung cancer, risk factors, and prevention?
b. What are the major clinical manifestations of lung cancer?
c. How do you calculate a pack year history?
d. What are the major nursing interventions for relieving breathing problems?
Colorectal Cancer, Brunner and Suddarth, Chapter 47
Reading:
• Nursing Management of the Patient Requiring an Ostomy, pp 1336-1342
• Colorectal Neoplasms, pp 1342-1350
Charts/Tables/Figures:
• Chart 47-9, Risk Factors
• Table 47-6, Potential Complications and Nursing Interventions after Colorectal Surgery
• Chart 47-7, Patient Undergoing Ostomy Surgery
Learning Objective #9: Identify the responsibilities of the nurse in meeting the needs of the patient with an intestinal diversion.
Learning Objective #10: Apply the nursing process as a framework for care of the patient with colorectal cancer.
• What are the major risk factors for colon cancer?
• Describe pre-test patient education for fecal occult blood tests and colonoscopy.
• What are the most common signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer?
• How do colorectal cancer s/s differ by location of the tumor?
• What are the pre-operative interventions for a patient undergoing intestinal diversion?
• What are the post-op nursing assessments and interventions, including identification of the following complications?
o paralytic ileus
o mechanical obstruction
o peritonitis
o infection
o wound dehiscence
• What discharge assessments and teaching with regard to self-care of ostomy, diet, and expected fecal drainage (appearance/timing based on ostomy location)?
Breast Cancer, Brunner and Suddarth, Chapter 58
• Breast Assessment, pp 1720-1727
• Malignant Conditions of the Breast, pp 1730-1740
• Nursing Management, pp 1742-1744
Charts/Tables/Figures:
• Chart 58-1, Abnormal Assessment Findings During Inspection
• Chart 58-2, BSE Patient Education
• Table 58-2, Comparisons of Various Breast Masses (focus on difference between benign and malignant)
• Table 58-3, Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
• Chart 58-5, Hand and Arm Care after ALND
• Chart 58-6, Patient Education for Drainage Devices
• Chart 58-7, Patient Education for Arm Exercises
• Table 58-5, Comparing SLNB and ALND
Learning Objective #11: Identify the risk factors and health promotion for breast cancer.
Learning Objective #12: Compare and contrast the characteristics of benign and malignant breast disorders, diagnostic imaging, and surgical biopsy types for breast cancer.
a. What are the characteristics of benign vs. malignant breast disorders?
b. For what purpose is each diagnostic test used, including
c. What are the pre-op, immediate post-op, and discharge instructions following breast biopsy?
Learning Objective #13: Use the nursing process as a framework for care of the patient undergoing surgery for the treatment of breast cancer.
a. Differentiate between the three types of mastectomy surgical treatments and the two lymph node dissection methods.
b. What are the assessments needed to identify post-op complications following mastectomy?
c. What are the important patient education points to make for drain care following mastectomy?
d. What precautions should be enforced after surgery and discharge to reduce the risk of lymphedema?
Learning Objective #14: Explain the purpose, mechanism of action, side effects, and administration considerations for common breast cancer medications (pegfilgrastim, filgrastim, neupogen, tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors).
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Oncologic Disorders Study Guide and Notes
Covers assigned ATI and Brunner & Suddarth chapters (see page and charts/tables/figures below).
As you read the course textbook’s assigned chapters, focus on the points listed below. Note that these questions are crucial for adult health in general, whether or not they appear on the exam!
ATI 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
Brunner and Suddarth, Chapter 15
Lessons learned: Read the entire chapter except for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Hyperthermia.
ACS Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention Table 15-3, AVS Screening Guidelines (breast, colorectal, and lung) Table 15-4 Select Diagnostic Tests (breast, colorectal, and lung) Chart 15-3, TNM Classification System Table 15-7 Plan of Nursing Care Table 15-13 Oncologic Emergencies for Hyperc
Identify the incidence and causation of cancer.
Top three malignancies in men and women?
b. Compare malignant and benign cancer cells.
c. What are the main types of carcinogens? Define each.
Learning Objective #2: Describe cancer prevention, detection, and dissemination.
Give an example of each type of preventive.
b. What are primary preventative nutrition and exercise recommendations?
c. What are the breast, colon, and lung cancer screening recommendations?
d. How is TNM grading and staging interpreted?
g. What is metastasis and why does it happen?
Describe the management of patients undergoing cancer surgery.
a. What are the goals of various cancer surgeries?
a. What are the post-operative concerns?
Learning Objective #4: Describe radiation patient management.
a. How are exterior and internal radiation different?
b. When do localized, early, and late/chronic systemic effects occur and resolve?
c. What are the early and late systemic effects of radiation therapy?
d. What are the most prevalent localized effects?
a. How do healthcare workers and caregivers avoid internal radiation therapy?
Describe the management of chemotherapy patients.
b. What are the most prevalent chemotherapy side effects?
d. What precautions should a caregiver take when caring for a chemo patient?
e. Describe chemotherapeutic extravasation prevention, symptoms, and treatment.
Distinguish between allergic and non-allergic hypersensitivity reactions.
Identify assessment and nurse management of cancer patients and oncologic crises.
• a. What are the nursing interventions and rationales for these patients?
Infection risk with myelosuppression
ii. Radiation-induced erythema and moist desquamation
iv. Imbalanced nutrition r/t nausea and vomiting
Anorexia or malabsorption
vi.
Explain hypercalcemia, tumor lysis syndrome, and superior vena cava syndrome patho/causes, symptoms, and treatment.
Cancer of the Lung, Chapters 20 and 23
• Bronchoscopy, 505-506
• Lung Cancer, pp 620-624
Figures/Tables: None
Describe bronchoscopy and its nursing implications.
Assignment help – Discuss the health assessment and nursing management of patients with or at risk of lung cancer.
The kinds, risk factors, and prevention of lung cancer
Lung cancer has several clinical symptoms.
1. What is the pack year history?
d. What are the most common nursing interventions for asthma?
Brunner and Suddarth, Chapter 47
• Nursing Management of the Ostomy Patient, pp 1336-1342
1342-1350, Colorectal Neoplasms
Charts/Tables/Figures:
• Risk Factors (47-9)
• Table 47-6: Colorectal Surgery Complications and Nursing Interventions
• Chart 47-7, Ostomy Surgery Patient
Identify the nurse’s role in meeting the patient’s intestinal diversion needs.
Objectif #10: Use the nursing approach to care for patients with colorectal cancer.
Why is colon cancer so common?
•
Prepare patients for occult blood testing and colonoscopies.
•
What are the most prevalent colorectal cancer symptoms?
• How do colorectal cancer s/s vary by tumor location?
• What are the preoperative interventions for an intestinal diversion patient?
Where can I get more information on post-op nurse assessments and interventions?
o paralytic ileus
o peritonitis so infection
o dehiscence
Where is the ostomy and what is the expected fecal drainage (appearance/timing based on ostomy location)?
• Breast Assessment, pp 1720-1727 • Malignant Conditions of the Breast, pp 1730-1740 • Nursing Management, pp 1742-1744
Charts/Tables/Figures:
• Table 58-2, Comparisons of Various Breast Masses (emphasis on the distinction between benign and malignant) • Table 58-3, Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
• Table 58-5, Comparison of SLNB and ALND Hand and Arm Care
Identify risk factors and health promotion for breast cancer.
Comparison of benign and malignant breast problems, diagnostic imaging, and surgical biopsy types for breast cancer.
