Posted: February 18th, 2022

Egyptian Civilization

Egyptian Civilization Over 5,000 years ago, Egyptians made use of their knowledge practically which was demonstrated in the manner they constructed their social and religious structures which included temples, tombs, and pyramids. Egyptians are famous for having employed the concept of engineering ages before civilization begun where primitive tools such as wooden mallets and stone hammers were used in the constructions. ln the modern day, the mention of the term engineering takes us to heavy machinery with humans in protective gears at a particular station.
Engineers in ancient Egypt used their body parts as measurement systems where a cubit was measured by the distance between the tip of the middle finger and the elbow. According to “the accuracy of the Old Kingdom pyramids with the south, east, north, and west reproduced the course of the sun and the constellations.” To make correct right angles and straight lines, they made use of unique tools and instruments in the observation of stars and aligned the structures per the four directions. Stone block during the construction of the pyramids and the temples were marked out with adequate space for workers to stand in between them. Stone quarries were located close to the construction site to ease transportation.
ln modern-day engineering, drilling machines are used when making underground tunnels on a rocky surface. Surveyors and architects have to make an approximation of exactly where to cut through which is a time, labor, and money-intensive process. There has been no evidence to date of any machine being used to drill the tombs, but through the paintings on the walls of the tombs, the granite and limestone boulders were cut using copper saws, granite hammers, chisels, and pickaxes. Hard stone causes copper drills to wear out with time, so the engineers used the sand-between techniques where they placed the and between the stone and the tools to prevent the wear and tear of the tools.
Today, conveyor belts and lifts are used to move construction materials. ln ancient Egypt, the engineers constructed wooden sledges that were pulled along slick paths made of Nile mud or wet sand to ease movements. Human beings or oxen were used to pull the sledges. Some obelisks weighed up to as much as 500 tons, yet there was no machinery. The engineers managed to have them lifted by raising high rubble mounds and sand next to the point where the obelisk would be erected. With its base facing the foundation, it would then be dragged in a horizontal angle next to a built structure in the shape of a box filled with sand. By pulling the obelisk to rest on the sand, the sand would slowly be removed from the bottom of the box which consequently caused the obelisk to move down into the box to the point of standing upright. The engineers in navigation and shipbuilding proved to have good knowledge of aerodynamics. The earliest ships were constructed in a manner that the sails could catch the wind and push the ship. The dates of sail were set on seasons when the vessels could manage to sail against the wind by making use of the sail lifts.
Today, Egypt has one of the most advanced technologies, but the ancient architectural and engineering structure remain which attract thousands of tourists. Around the world, advancements in the field of construction and engineering have been made in reference to the ancient work such as the Pyramid of Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
Reference Shapiro, M. S. (2017). lEEE Client Services Managers: Supporting Technical Careers, Promoting Effective Research, Building Global lnstitutional Partnerships.

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