Posted: March 18th, 2022

Nuclear Proliferation between India and Pakistan

Purpose of Paper:

The purpose of this paper is to identify some policy issue in peace and conflict, analyze the causes and consequences of issue and the policy options available to resolve it, develop your own policy proposal, and defend your proposal (compared to the alternative solutions). Your analysis should be based on some theoretical understanding of the causes and critical dimensions of the problem and its solution, which you gain by reading scholarly journal articles on the subject. Your essay should clearly indicate that you have read enough scholarly sources that your understanding of the issue exceeds that of the average “person on the street”.

Paper Topic:
Nuclear Proliferation between India and Pakistan

Assignment:
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. a one page POLICY PROBLEM STATEMENT: a statement of the issue that you plan to analyze, its major elements, and why it is important to the study of peace and conflict; and
2. An ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY containing 1⁄2 page summaries (single spaced) of at least four (4) scholarly journal articles) on your subject. Your summaries cannot be simply a restatement of the published abstract of the article. You have to demonstrate that you read the article and grasped its important concepts and findings and their relevance to your policy issue.
3. A BIBLIOGRAPHY with full citations of EIGHT articles on your topic (the four you summarize plus four more).
For this installment, you are restricted to scholarly journals only

Problem Statement:
Your problem statement should cite those articles to a degree sufficient to demonstrate clearly that you have read them, understand the concepts they present, and have used their analyses to enhance your understanding of the issue. The idea is to demonstrate that your understanding and analysis of the issue surpasses in depth and rigor that of the average citizen. You will be graded on how clearly you state your topic, how thoroughly you have mastered the nuances of the issue by reading the articles in your bibliography, and how well the four articles fit together to advance your understanding of the policy issue. The purpose of this installment is to get you thinking about the topic early and gathering the relevant research on the topic for your final draft.

Some Journals To Consult
The following is a partial listing of the scholarly journals that are legitimate sources for your research paper. It is not an exhaustive list. If you have a question as to whether or not some other journal counts as a “scholarly source”, ask me. Any journal in JSTOR is acceptable.
African Studies
African Studies Review
American Behavioral Scientist
American Journal of Economics and Sociology American Journal of International Law
American Journal of Political Science
American Journal of Sociology
American Political Science Review
American Review of Canadian Studies
American Sociological Review
Annals of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science Asian Affairs
Asian Pacific Viewpoint
Asian Profile
Asian Survey
Australian Journal of International Affairs British Journal of Political Science
British Journal of Sociology
Cambridge Journal of Economics
Cambridge Journal of Political Science
Canadian Journal of Political Science
Central European History
论文帮助/论文写作服务/负担得起我及时提交我最好的质量 – China Journal
Chinese Studies in History
Communist and Post-Communist Studies Comparative Politics
Comparative Political Studies
Comparative Studies in Society and History Current History
Decision Science
East European Politics and Society
Economic Development and Cultural Change Economic Geography
Economic Inquiry
Electoral Studies
Ethnic and Racial Studies
European Journal of Political Research
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Policy
Gender and Society
Government and Opposition
Human Rights Quarterly
International Economic Review
International Interactions
International Journal of Comparative Sociology International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society International Organization
International Relations
International Security
International Studies Quarterly
Journal of Conflict Resolution
Journal of British Studies
Journal of Comparative Economics
Journal of Democracy
Journal of Developing Areas
Journal of Development Economics
Journal of Development Studies
Journal of Economic Studies
Journal of International Studies and World Affairs Journal of Japanese Studies
Journal of Latin American Studies Journal of Modern History
Journal of Peace Research
Journal of Peasant Studies
Journal of Political and Military Sociology Journal of Political Economy
Journal of Politics
Journal of Southern African Studies
Latin American Perspectives
Latin American Research Review
Middle East Journal
Modern 论文帮助/论文写作服务/负担得起我及时提交我最好的质量 – China
Orbis
Pacific Affairs
Parliamentary Affairs
Political Behavior
Political Quarterly
Political Research Quarterly
Policy Review
Political Research Quarterly (W estern Political Quarterly) Political Science Quarterly
Political Science
Political Studies
Politics and Society
Polity
Post Soviet Affairs
Review of International Studies
Review of Politics
Russian Review
Slavic Review
Sociological Review
Sociological Spectrum
Southeastern Political Review
Soviet Studies
Studies in Comparative Communism
Studies in Comparative International Development Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
Terrorism and Political Violence
Theory and Society
Third W orld Quarterly
War and Society
W est European Politics
W orld Politics

Sample Essay Assignment

Nuclear Proliferation between India and Pakistan
During the period when the British government withdrew its influence from the Indian sub-continent immediately after the Second World War, the region was merely divided primarily on the basis of religion to two major states, India and Pakistan. During this particular period, Kashmir was also included within Indian sub-continent. However, the issue pertaining to the which state Kashmir should be incorporated into had been in a ranging contest since then to date principally because of the high population of the region comprising of Muslims.
Cirincione & Rajkumar (2005) asserts that in 1997, there was a referendum call by the United Nations in order to set free the region of Kashmir in order to decide in line with the wish of citizens. However, this referendum call never materialized an aspect that has been attributed to the fact that the Indian government had feared the impact of the popular vote which would presumably support unification of the region with the Pakistan based on eminent religious grounds. However, majority of the Kashmir advocated for independence, a position that neither Pakistan nor India really supported. Consequently, about 30,000 persons have lost their lives within the span of the last 11 years. Indeed, Kashmir has been the nerve center of the persistent tension between Pakistan and India. This hostile situation poses a significant possibility of the world’s first direct war involving two states which are deeply anchored on nuclear weapons. Indeed, the historical context of conflicts due to the Kashmir region has been well documented within the context of Indian/Pakistan wars which dawned as at 1947. Nevertheless, at this particular point in time, both sides had good access to nuclear weapons Hirschfeld & Center for Naval Analyses (Alexandria, Va.). 2005).
Indeed, since the Indian parliament building was attacked in December 2001, wide range of tension has grown tremendously. Indeed, India accused their counterparts, Pakistan of being in support of terror groups waging war against it. Nevertheless, the republic of Pakistan claimed that it had in persistent support for the liberation of Kashmiri as well as its freedom fighters. To the India, the said freedom fighters were indeed terrorists. This is a contrast as it seemed that one state’s terrorist is presumably another state’s freedom fighter. Consequently, since the December 2001 attack, Pakistan has been credited with arresting about 1,500 militants as well as another five illegal groups two of which are sectarian, two fighting the rules of Indian government in Kashmir while another one comprising of pro-Taliban group. Nevertheless, the Gen Musharraf has been on record pledging support to the liberation of Kashmir. In subsequent developments, majority of the people living around the border near Kashmir have been evacuating the region owing to the heavy military presence compiled by both sides, Pakistan. Indeed, immediately after the 2001 attacks, there rose clashes along the border region, virtually every night while about 2 people could be shot dead every night. In such an atmosphere comprising of growing tension and differences between the two sides, in May 2012, there was an advancement of million troops adjacent to the border such that any minute incidence could rekindle fresh fight. In these endeavors, nuclear weapons have been critical to perpetuated war periods (Riedel 2013).
In particular, Riedel (2013) estimates that warheads in India range between 50-150 while the Pakistan ranges between 10 and 100. Similarly, there are relatively clear projections regarding systems of missile that are destined to deliver the weapons. For instance, in India, the Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile commonly called the Agni with nuclear capability and test has been located. Indeed, this missile had the capacity to reach Karachi in approximately 14 minutes time. Similarly, the surface to surface category of missile called Prithvi with a range between 90 and 220 miles had the capacity to reach Islamabad I a span of three minutes. On the other hand, in Pakistan, a form of missile called Ghauri, an Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile had the nuclear capability in production with a range of about 930 miles and could reach Bombay region in approximately ten minutes
The current situation of nuclear weapon and related wars is particularly fuelled by the wide range of rhetoric between both sides. Indeed, officials within the two states, India and Pakistan have claimed their position not to use nuclear weapons first. However Lynch (2013) asserts that the states are perceived to be so keen in using the weapons in subsequent attacks. Given the close proximity between the two states, any instance of skirmishes would result in widespread death of millions of citizens in addition to other neighboring states. Despite Indian announcement for non-support for nuclear weapon manipulation in its territory particularly for the ‘first use case’, its counterpart, Pakistan has announced its continued support for the use of nuclear weapons leading to escalated political rivalry. In this context, a ‘no first use’ policy could be probably an important move towards disarmament. However, this policy has been long used as an excuse to constitute a wide capacity of ‘second use’. As a result, it becomes immensely impossible to distinguish between ‘second use’ and the ‘first use’ case. Consequently, following the increased tension, temptations too grows to arrive at once retaliation on first manipulation. There has been increasing tension and subsequent risks of war between the two states.
Basically, it appears that India has been upgrading its events of nuclear attacks and claiming its pertinent follow up on the US and the west lead to engage in zero tolerance to ranging incidences of terrorist attacks. Indeed, India has been claiming the harboring of terror group by another state and forcibly threatening to engage military retaliation. Similarly, the Pakistan leadership has also failed with promises of democratic elections but only having accomplished a referendum which had been boycotted by majority of political parties for more than a year. Nevertheless, the main aim of any mission is to mitigate incidences of nuclear war between the two rival states (Lynch & National Defense University 2013).
Proposed Policy
Basically, it has been a major challenge in distinguishing ‘first use’ from ‘second use’ of nuclear weapons. However, the exiting policy advocates for ‘first use’ ban but allows ‘second use’. As stated earlier, this creates loopholes in the fight against nuclear weapons manipulation and subsequent instability caused by incidental war. In order to reduce nuclear weapon manipulation and incidental war amidst high level of political rivalry between the two states, the two should adopt a policy of zero tolerance to nuclear weapons manipulation in order to define the course of action for the two in the incidence of political difference particularly with regard to the location of Kashmir fuelled by political willpower.
Similarly, as the west and US in particular advocate for zero tolerance to terrorism an aspect that Japan has been taking advantage of to manipulate its nuclear weapons, they should define the course of combat between the state and terror groups in order to sideline the use of nuclear weapons which have far-reaching effects on the entire population across the two states and its neighborhood. Policy adoption with zero tolerance to either ‘first use’ or ‘second use’ of the weapons should be put in place to avoid the controversy lying in the second and first use of the weapons.

Annotated Bibliography
Riedel, B. O. (2013). Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the brink and back.
This resource is critical to this evaluation. The intervention of the international community in the war against nuclear weapon has been incidental and eminent across different periods of time. Essentially, the growth in rivalry between India and Pakistan has influenced not only the relation between the two states but rather the international community too. In particular, the War Between the States has led to the death toll rising between the two states as well as neighborhood. This resource therefore provides an instance of intervention of the west and America in particular, in advocacy for terrorist free zone an aspect that has been taken on the reverse by India to wage war against terror group leading to widespread manipulation of nuclear weapons. This has had adverse effects on a wider scale and a concern by not only their Pakistan counterparts but also the international community as indicated from the findings of this resource.
Cirincione, J., Wolfsthal, J. B., & Rajkumar, M. (2005). Deadly arsenals: Nuclear, biological, and chemical threats. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
This resource puts into context the impacts of the nuclear weapons as far as the component and damage level between the two rival states is concerned. In particular, the resource analyzes the invasion of the Indian Parliaments and the aftermath of the invasion which basically entails retaliatory attacks to confront the terror groups in a move to restrain the terror groups from subsequent attacks on Indian Territory. Besides, this resource puts into context the heavy military invasion on the border between the state and Kashmir and its impact on the local population which has sparked a series of instability and subsequently drove the two states into a high tension condition where war could be fuelled under minimal if any forcible injections.
Hirschfeld, T., & Center for Naval Analyses (Alexandria, Va.). (2005). The Impact of Nuclear Proliferation: Final Report. United States: Center for Naval Analyses (Alexandria, VA.
In fact, the rivalry between Pakistan and their counterparts, India has been the route of high nuclear weapon manipulation, an aspect that has driven the region into crazy web of attacks. Essentially, this resource analyzes the implications of nuclear weapon use between the two states. Owing to the daunting impact, the resource also focus on the measures that has been taken upon this drastic development in order to cut down on the influex of wars driven by nuclear weapons by analyzing the missile range types and ranges between the two states an aspect that has pressed down to craving for policies that would lead to the abolishment of the nuclear weapon usage. However, as it further indicate, the adoption of ‘second use’ as opposed to ‘first use’ of nuclear weapon policy has been one of the detrimental factor that has perpetuated a rise in manipulation of nuclear weapons in a bid to combat terror incidences particularly for the Indian government fuelled by the differences between the two countries with regard to the interests of Kashmir.
Lynch, T. F., & National Defense University. (2013). Crisis stability and nuclear exchange risks on the subcontinent: Major trends and the Iran factor. Washington, D.C: National Defense University Press.
Basically, this resource raises a concern on the security and stability situation across the Indian sub-continent particularly due to the forcible manipulation of nuclear weapons. Essentially, the use of nuclear weapon in the country has been a major factor that has led to increased level of instability in the sub-continent. Besides, focusing on the Indian and Pakistan case scenario, the resource further intervenes in analysis on the epicenter of nuclear weapon manipulation and subsequent impacts on the entire Asian continent. In particular, the resource analyzes the Iran case as a probable cause of distorted regions as for as nuclear exchanges are concerned. The hostility between India and Pakistan as indicated by this resource however traces back to their political interests in the Kashmir region, an aspect that has driven the states into a series of confrontations and the need to use sophisticated force rendering nuclear weapons as the best option.
Additional References
Chakma, B. (2011). The politics of nuclear weapons in South Asia. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate.
Behrens, C. E., & Library Of Congress Washington Dc Congressional Research Service. (2005). Nuclear Nonproliferation Issues. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center.
Lodgaard, S. (2011). Nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation: Towards a nuclear-weapon free world?. London [England: Routledge.
Carranza, M. E. (2009). South Asian security and international nuclear order: Creating a robust Indo-Pakistan nuclear arms control regime. Farnham, Eng: Ashgate Pub. Co.

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