Posted: May 21st, 2022

Theories of Deviance

Theories of Deviance
Deviance refers to any behavior that violates social norms and draws disapproval from the majority of society. Whether criminal or non-criminal, what constitutes deviance depends on time, place, and affected parties. For example, circumcision is normal in parts of Indonesia but seen as deviant in most other areas. Due to deviance’s relative nature, sociologists have developed theories to better understand it (Thio, Taylor & Schwartz, 2012). Prominent theories include control theory, labeling theory, strain theory, broken windows theory, and reinforcement theory.
Control Theory
Control theory posits that internal and external controls govern people’s morality and curb deviant tendencies (Downes, Rock & McLaughlin, 2016). According to Walter Reckless and Travis Hirschi, proper socialization and self-control from an early age help maintain law and order by developing these controls. Without them, deviant behavior and crime are more likely.
Labeling Theory
Labeling theory holds that behaviors become deviant through social reaction and labeling. Politicians, police, and other influential figures largely determine what behaviors receive negative labels, influencing public attitudes (Thio et al., 2012). Once labeled, individuals may internalize deviance and act out further. Labels also prove difficult to change despite counter evidence.
Strain Theory
Robert Merton’s strain theory examines how financial disparities produce deviance. It models how societal pressures to achieve goals like wealth can motivate non-normative means of doing so, from conformity to rebellion (Downes et al., 2016). Deviance arises when accepted means are blocked and people innovate new strategies, whether positively or negatively.
Broken Windows Theory
This theory asserts that visible signs of crime and disorder encourage further lawbreaking by creating an environment conducive to it. As such, authorities should promptly address even minor deviance to prevent escalation (Thio et al., 2012). Testing in 1990s New York supported the theory, correlating aggressive policing of minor offenses with reduced major crimes.
Reinforcement Theory
Reinforcement theory holds that social behaviors largely result from consequences, so people act in ways positively or negatively reinforced by outside forces. Positive guidance from a young age thus shapes non-deviant adults, while punishment can paradoxically encourage future crime (Thio et al., 2012).
In conclusion, deviance proves a relative yet important aspect of criminology, with theories seeking to illuminate its causes and influences on behavior. Understanding multiple perspectives allows for more nuanced analysis.
References
Downes, D., Rock, P. E., & McLaughlin, E. (2016). Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking. Oxford University Press.
Thio, A., Taylor, J. D., & Schwartz, M. D. (2012). Deviant behavior. Pearson Higher Ed.

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