Posted: October 6th, 2022

Crime and Punishment

Crime and Punishment
Identify
Establishment:

Crime and Punishment
Lesson 10
Query 1
Punishment is a penalty that comes within the kind for a superb or imprisonment to a person/offender on account of the legal justice course of. It entails making the offender undergo for the incorrect carried out by way of tough bodily therapy. In accordance with Ramirez (2020) within the examine of punishment in psychology, punishment reduces the possibilities of the behaviour to happen once more in future often called the operant conditioning. Punishment is nonetheless categorised into constructive and unfavourable punishment. Constructive punishment is also called the punishment by the applying. Constructive punishment makes use of aversive stimulus to right the behaviour after the incidence. Detrimental punishment entails the removing of the stimulus the place the punisher threatens to remove one thing if the offender doesn’t change.
Query 2
Detrimental reinforcement is commonly confused with punishment the place unfavourable reinforcement will increase the incidence of the behaviour later, however punishment reduces the possibilities of the behaviour occurring in future. Detrimental reinforcement avoids the aversive stimulus, which is the psychological discomfort precipitated after the reinforcement. However, punishment entails coping with the stimulus by weakening the behaviour to keep away from the incidence of the behaviour in future (Ramirez, 2020). Detrimental reinforcement is appropriate when the behaviour has instantly occurred the place the time between the incidence and reinforcement must be shorter. Detrimental reinforcement is appropriate for short-time use, whereas punishment is appropriate for very long time use (Ramirez, 2020). The idea of operant conditioning introduces reward as a type of reinforcement, the place the possibilities of repeating the crime are greater in comparison with punishment. Punishment results in the extinction of the behaviour which occurs by way of expiatory and reciprocity punishment. Expiatory punishment entails the administration of punishment in accordance with how disagreeable behaviour is extreme. On the opposite facet, reciprocity punishment entails the administration of punishment in accordance with the character of the crime.
Query three (Primarily based on Australia not Nigeria)
Completely different international locations use completely different types of punishment which is contradictory, particularly in figuring out an acceptable punishment in accordance with the character of the crime (Ramirez, 2020). The assorted types of punishment embody deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution, restoration and schooling. In accordance with BBC Africa Eye information, Nigeria makes use of of capacitation as a means of punishing offenders the place the flexibility of a legal to commit the crime once more is bodily eliminated (ODEYINDE, 2020). For instance, the usage of torture often called “tabay” to punish offenders, together with kids.
Nigeria makes use of capital punishment which entails demise penalties. In accordance with the nation, capital punishments contain terrorism, homicide, kidnapping, rape-related circumstances and theft with violence. The convicts are executed by way of deadly injection, stoning, capturing or hanging (ODEYINDE, 2020). The legal justice system of Nigeria has exempted kids beneath the age of eighteen years and pregnant ladies the place as a substitute of the demise penalty, the convicts are sentenced for all times in jail. At the moment, Nigeria continues to be making use of capital punishment, the place, on account of COVID-19, the court docket programs makes use of the web to supply punishment. As an example, the usage of video conferencing.

Query four
Rehabilitation mannequin of punishment: Rehabilitation is among the many newest mode of punishment which entails coaching the offender and providing therapy. Rehabilitation goals at correcting the behaviour of the offender and returning the person to the group as particular person (Ramirez, 2020). Rehabilitation was developed as a means of decreasing the speed of incarceration and as a substitute. After rehabilitation, the offender is launched to the group below strict situation and supervision.
Training mannequin of punishment: Training mannequin of punishment is also called the training mannequin, which is used largely by the juvenile justice system. The schooling mannequin seeks to suppress unfavourable behaviour which takes place in accordance with the depth of the behaviour, different behaviours, methodology and schedule of supply, reward and temporal proximity.
An Eye for an Eye: The attention for a watch is a biblical perspective and morality of punishment which hyperlinks the justice system and enhances the proper relationship. The precept helps providing punishments to offenders in accordance with the crime dedicated therefore discouraging and avoiding revenge.
Mirror punishment: Mirror punishment is a justification for the phrase eye for a watch or a tooth for a tooth. Mirror punishment displays the character and the severity of the crime. The mirror punishment can, nonetheless, be worse, particularly when entails chopping the components of the physique committing the crime. As an example, chopping palms after stealing.
Lesson 10
Query three
Query three
Present two or three individuals you already know a photograph of a random particular person or brief video for 5 seconds.
Then take the picture away. An hour later, ask them to explain the particular person or what occurred.
Document what they are saying. Then take a look at how correct they have been.
If it isn’t attainable to ask different individuals to do that, perform the take a look at on your self, maybe a
random face within the newspaper or on-line.

Homework help – Write a brief report in your findings from the set process.
The 2 video data offered completely different accounts of the noticed occasion. The second video consists of added info not current within the first video, which seems exaggerated. Drawing my clarification from Hugo Munsterberg, a researcher, EWT usually provides completely different accounts of an occasion because the testimony is commonly affected by feelings, resembling pleasure, anger or disappointment. In accordance with the duty, the second testimony is exaggerated on account of false reminiscences the place the witness finally ends up recalling the occasion. The second document findings might have been distorted on account of poor questioning expertise or the observers forgetting the scene, therefore recalling.
Briefly describe what you probably did.
I took a video of individuals explaining an remark for 5 seconds. After an hour, I took one other video of them explaining the identical remark. I made a comparability between the 2 movies to examine the validity of the data offered.
How many individuals did you take a look at?
I examined three individuals current within the occasion on the identical time.
What did your outcomes present?
The outcomes offered completely different accounts of the occasion from the three people. The primary video was transient and concise in comparison with the second video, the place all of the three people offered virtually related info. The second video was completely different in all of the three people, the place every offered completely different accounts of the occasion. The reason given by the primary particular person was completely different from the second and third. Every info was exaggerated and consisted of added info not current within the first video.
Does this affirm or disagree with analysis on eye witness testimonies?
The findings affirm to the analysis on eye witness testimonies that how crime is perceived depends upon the witness’s skill to outline crime and testify. The primary problem with Eye witness testimony is the observer’s skill to present a legitimate and actual account of the occasion. The take a look at offers a special account as a result of the observer’s reminiscence is influenced socially by both life experiences or tradition. More often than not, the attention witness testimony is taken into account biased. To offer correct testimonies, eyewitnesses are skilled, and cops are skilled on the best way to query suspects.

References
Mtunzie, P. M. The social development of crime actuality: a comparative content material evaluation of native newspapers and crime statistics, Gaborone 2016-2017 (Doctoral dissertation).
Ramirez, Ok. (2020). Selecting the Proper Methodology: Reinforcement vs Punishment. Zoo Animal Studying and Coaching, 53-67.
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