Assignment: Your reflection must include theory and materials used in the course

Your reflection must be in essay format.

Your reflection must include theory and materials used in the course.

We do not expect you to use external sources.

Follow the SAD formula.

The minimum word count is 500 words.

Maximum number of words 500 000.

DUE DATE Sunday October 28 3:59pm.

Over 20% on SafeAssign is unacceptable.

The answer MUST be in your own words.

The Reflection.

Watch the Dove video at the link below.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U

Is the billboard advertisement in the DOVE video acceptable as an informative tool?

YOUR REFLECTION ASSIGNMENT IS TO ONLY WRITE THE DECISION.

Is the billboard advertisement in the DOVE video acceptable or not.

Be sure to write as much detail as possible in your essay answer.

______________________________________________________________

ill attach all the files that is related to this course. AND see what you need for the reflection.
_____________________________________________________________

This week is about some intro terms.

1. take notes

2. review your notes

Terms to know.

-criminal law

-civil law

-common law

-penal code

-defamation

-libel

-slander

A Base to build on.

DEFAMATION OF CHARACTER.

What is Libel?

What is Slander?

http://kellywarnerlaw.com/مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب – UAE-defamation-laws/

Under the Federal Law No (3) of 1987, defamation constitutes a criminal act and is subject to the penalties specified under Chapter VI (Crimes Perpetrated Against Reputation: Libel, Abuse And Disclosure Of Secrets), Articles 371 up to 380.

Defamation in the UAE can be enforced in two ways — through the criminal justice system or via the civil courts. In a criminal case, the police or a prosecutor brings the charges and the accused faces either a fine or prison sentence as punishment. In a civil case, the plaintiff files a lawsuit against the defendant who can be liable for damages, but no jail time.

In the UAE.

-publication

if the defamation constitutes publication in any of the newspapers or other printed media, it shall be considered an aggravating circumstance and may be punished by imprisonment of two years and a fine (Article 372, UAE Penal Code); if the slander is transmitted by telephone, or face to face with the victim and in the presence of a third party, the punishment of detention for a period not exceeding six months, or a fine not exceeding five thousand dirhams, shall apply. (Article 374, UAE Penal Code).

-News and pictures

If the publication involves news, pictures or comments related to the secrets of the private or family life of persons even if they are true, the punishment shall be detention for a period not exceeding one year or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dirhams, or both (Article 378, UAE Penal Code); finally, you may also be punished by detention for a period of at least three months or by a fine of at least five thousand dirhams, if you divulge the contents of a letter, cable or telephone call to a person other than to whom it is addressed, and without the latter’s consent, where such an act causes damage.

-electronic media

In an entry posted on July 31, 2011, the Gulf News reported that “misuse of instant messaging” by means of mobile phone devices or similar gadgets, can be punishable by law. “Misuse” may cover activities like spreading malicious rumors or false and unverified news reports which tend to cause confusion among the public and may lead to destabilization of the country’s security. “Spreading such rumors is considered a crime that is punishable.” – according to Mohammad Al Ganem, General Manager of UAE’s Telecommunications Regulation Authority. This is in reference to Articles 198, 374, and 378 of the UAE Penal Code.

HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE MEDIA

The PDF attached we want to review the preface.

Journalism, media and Journalism, media and the challenge of human rights reporting

P8. the question this report is asking is what is the role of journalism today?

The problem facing journalists is how to protect their independence when the world around them calls for their unquestioning allegiance to the cause, whether it is going to war or the struggle against violations of human rights. While journalists can do good, it is not their purpose. Most journalists may well sign up to the notion that democratic pluralism and respect for human rights form the core of a unifying political ideology, but few wish to be told to follow a particular policy or strategy.

P9. The manipulation of information to suit national interests, or military and strategic objectives, particularly in time of war, is the banal reality of a journalist’s working life. As the political response to coverage of the military strikes on Afghanistan shows, no reporters — even topdrawer correspondents of the BBC, CNN or other international media — are immune from political bullying to serve their government’s definition of the national interest. The best of journalists scorn and repudiate this sort of pressure.

P10. The report brings into focus three elements of the shifting sands of international policy governing media and rights. First, superficially at least, the evolution of government language in relation to human rights and the elaboration of strategies has pushed humanitarian intervention, as in the case of the Kosovo war, and the pursuit of human rights abusers, such as Augusto Pinochet and Slobodan Milosevic, to the top of the international policy agenda. Second, the evolution of human rights law over the past ten years poses new challenges for policymakers, not least in the glacial progress towards establishment of an international system of justice to bring to trial those guilty of serious violations of fundamental rights. Thirdly, the impact of technical and corporate changes in the global media landscape has affected the work of journalists, media content and the news agenda, particularly the way news media deal with human rights.

P10-11

In every corner of the journalistic universe there is political and commercial pressure, home-grown bias, prejudice and manipulation by all sides. There is also the ethical squeeze of newsrooms competing to be the first with ‘breaking news’. The rush to publish and to gain competitive advantage in the shark-infested pools of modern media lead to much incompetent and paltry journalism. We may have many more media outlets, but it is arguable whether plurality is greater or that standards of journalism are higher. Indeed, there is a great deal of anxiety within journalism over the erosion of quality of media content in recent years. Journalists, like other media professionals, have to take their share of responsibility for this decline, but around the reporters’ desk there are corrosive agents at work, both within and outside media, which are weakening independent journalism. This report should be read with these forces in mind. As the launch of the military campaign against Afghanistan in October 2001 reveals, there is no better example of why independent journalism is vital to democracy than when governments embark upon the mendacious process of making war. The tactics and objectives of great powers going to war are rarely transparent, and making a judgement of their impact when they intervene requires careful study — particularly when, as in this case, that war is global, fought on a wave of national anguish and launched against an undefined and unseen enemy.

P11. Journalists are not past caring, far from it. The instincts of reporters and editors who strive for thoughtfulness and decency in their work are strong, even if most of them cannot recite the details of the ethical codes of their professional associations and unions. These instincts apply, surprisingly, irrespective of the political reality and economic restraints within which they work.

P12. There is always an element of bias in journalism and the scope for reliable and accurate reporting is often defined by the identity, objective and character of the media themselves. Journalists tend to take their cue, both political and professional, not from the moral values of parent, teacher or journalism school, but from the media culture within which they work.3 A surprisingly coherent and shared common professional tradition operates within journalism, whether represented by Bild Zeitung tabloid or The Washington Post quality, and this tends to apply irrespective of the mode of transmission. However, this latent ethical signpost is weakening in the wake of changes now overtaking media. With the advent of digital editing, text messages and dot-com journalism, the world of journalism is today very different from what it was, even ten or fifteen years ago — though the process of gathering, sifting facts and trying to produce a coherent, honest and comprehensive account on deadline remains essentially the same. Most journalists in the developed world — and many of those elsewhere — have come to work in a converged media environment. They file stories, often simultaneously, for newspapers, audiovisual and online media; they are multiskilled, presentable, technocrats of a new media landscape that leaves little time or space for ethical reflection. The cynical, vaguely disreputable, hard-drinking stereotype of journalistic myth has been fully eclipsed. At the same time, working conditions have become perceptibly worse. Often as not, journalists are increasingly distant from the point of editing, production and dissemination of their work. Almost a third of journalists worldwide are freelance, many of them working in poor, insecure and unprotected social conditions. Young people graduating from journalism school join a growing pool of exploited labour working in a twilight world with no secure employment. As a result, journalism is often more open to corruption and susceptible to undue corporate and political influence. Technological poverty and the isolation of independent media in many parts of the world exacerbate the crisis of journalism. For many of them — whether in Colombia, Zimbabwe, 论文帮助/论文写作服务/负担得起我及时提交我最好的质量 – China or Russia — violations of human rights take place ‘at home’ rather than ‘abroad’. For journalists working within repressive r?gimes, human rights abuse goes hand in hand with the routine of daily life. In these circumstances, many journalists see the value of journalistic activism and advocacy. Of course, advocacy journalism is not some professional crime. It has its place among the traditions of free media. Where the mix fails is when the choices of story, direction, opinion and conclusion are made not by media professionals, but by interested parties.

P13-14

While media companies invest heavily in reshaping the political and legal landscape in their own image, they spend less money on jobs, less money on training their staff and less money on research and investigative journalism. Driven by new technologies and the lure of lucrative mass markets, media owners are themselves guilty of upsetting the balance of interest between journalism as an instrument of democracy and its exploitation as a tradable commodity. As a result, important stories — such as the consequence of globalisation — are missed or not fully reported. Media corporations are some of the prime beneficiaries of current world trade policy and they are not beyond sidelining principles of press freedom and human rights when it suits them.

P22

The International Bill of Rights The modern body of internationally guaranteed human rights has its source in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR or the Universal Declaration) promulgated by the United Nations in 1948. This document, comprehensive in the rights that it addressed and still radical in its substance, was subsequently enacted into a series of treaties — notably the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1966. These have binding power on states that are party to them. This body of rights has three defining characteristics: it is universal, it is indivisible, and it is enforceable.

P27. The media and human rights There are two main points of intersection between the worlds of the media and human rights. One is the considerable degree of overlap of subject matter between the two areas. Much of reporting concerns matters that directly or indirectly have a human rights content. The other is the fact that freedom of the media is itself a human right. The media are regarded conventionally as one of the mechanisms by which citizens hold their governments to account.

To take the second point of intersection first: the emergence of the first widely circulated newspapers coincided almost exactly with the development of Enlightenment ideas of human rights in eighteenth century Europe and North America. Indeed, some of the early advocates of the ‘rights of man’, such as Tom Paine, were themselves journalists. The First Amendment (1791) to the Constitution of the United States (1787) forbade any laws ‘abridging’ the freedom of the press. The press was regarded in the United States as a fourth branch of government or ‘estate’, holding to account the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. Indeed, in the United States the press was considered to be vital to the functioning of a free society, no less important than other state institutions. This US doctrine on press freedom has found its way almost unchanged into modern human rights thinking.

At stake are two sets of rights: that of the media to report and express opinions as they see fit and that of the people to accurate and critical information regarding the actions of those in power. Other rights may be involved too — for example, those of opposition politicians who need the media to disseminate their opinions. In theory — and to a large extent in practice — the freedom of the media to go about their business without interference is held to guarantee all these interlocking rights.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

1. Review the UAE Constitution

-preamble

-Article 30

-Article 31

2. Other laws the impact Freedom of Speech and Opinion in the UAE

-Press and Publication Law

-Combating Cybercrimes

3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

UDHR

https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

Articles 18 & 19

https://www.mofa.gov.ae/EN/TheUAE/Pages/UAE-and-Human-Rights.aspx

UAE does have Freedom of Expression rights BUT only if they do not break other laws.

We know that the UAE recognises freedom of press and expression with the media because of MOFA.

Item
Part 2
Part 2

A good little video to frame the ideas!

http://bigthink.com/videos/the-first-amendment-in-five-minutes

https://jimbuie.wordpress.com/2014/10/16/u-s-first-amendment-in-history/

1.

U.S. Constitution:
First Amendment
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

Television, radio, film and the internet did not exist in 1790, but the First Amendment still applies to mass media because the Constitution is somewhat elastic. The Supreme Court of the US helps to adapt the document to changing times. In other words, the First Amendment means today what the Supreme Court of the US says it means. While people may disagree with the Court, it defines the meaning of the Constitution.

But what does it really mean?

Individualist – Protect the rights of the ‘speaker’; allow individuals the fullest possible right to say or publish what they wish.

Groupism – Societal interests (potential for serious harm to other individuals or community) are put ahead of the ‘speaker’ or publisher; some censorship is tolerated.

2.

1. Absolutist theory
The First Amendment declares that “no law” shall abridge the freedom of speech or of the press. “No law” means no law. There are no exceptions.

Only two Supreme Court justices have subscribed to this point of view.
Critics argue the original intent was not to have absolute freedom, which could conflict with other important human rights.

2. Ad Hoc Balancing Theory
The court must balance freedom of expression with other values on a case-by-case basis. For example, freedom of the press might outweigh the need for the government to keep secret the design of its new gun, but the need for secrecy about a new fighter plane might take precedence over freedom of expression.

Critics say this strategy leads to uncertainty. We do not know what the First Amendment means excepts as it relates to a specific, narrow problem. If we don’t know what speech is protected and what is not protected, then we will have a tendency to play it safe and keep silent. This limits the rights of expression for all people, and relies too heavily on the personal biases of judges deciding a particular case.

3. Preferred Position Balancing Theory
The First Amendment is a fundamental freedom entitled to more judicial protection than other constitutional values. By giving freedom of expression a preferred position, courts will presume that government action that limits free speech and free press in order to protect other interests is usually unconstitutional. The government has a higher burden of proof.

This theory is the most popular one used by courts today. It adds more certainty to freedom of expression than ad hoc balancing.

4. Meiklejohnian Theory
The primary value of free speech is successful self-government, and free expression should be absolutely protected for this purpose. Expression that does not relate to the self-governing process should not be protected absolutely; their worth should be balanced against other rights and values.

Critics say it is not always clear whether speech pertains to public speech and governing, or to other private interests. Some US Supreme Court justices have supported this theory.

5. Access Theory
For the First Amendment to be meaningful to all citizens, the owners of the mass media must open up newspapers and broadcast stations and allow people with different ideas a chance to be heard. If the owners of the mass media do not agree, then the government should force them to do so.

The Supreme Court rejected this idea in 1974. But this idea has also been used on the theory that the airwaves belong to the people so all people have a right to see and hear programs that reflect a diverse range of ideas. The US government for 40 years used the Fairness Doctrine to force broadcasters to carry certain kinds of programming.

3.

Limits in Criticizing the Government
Homework help – Discussion, criticism and suggestion all play a part in the orderly transition of governments and elected leaders.

What are the limits of free expression?

With a global mass media, the limits can be different across borders…

In 1995, the New York Times and Washington Post, co-publishers of the Paris-basedInternational Herald Tribune, were forced to pay nearly $700,000 in damages for publishing comments supposedly critical of the government of Singapore and its former Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew. The Asian printing plant for the Herald Tribune is in Singapore, so failure to pay damages would have forced the relocation of this printing plant and eliminated the opportunity for the newspaper to continue to do business in Singapore. Singapore later won more defamation suits against Bloomberg (2002), The Economist (2004), the Financial Times (2007) and the Far Eastern Economic Review(2008).

And during times of war?

The Philadelphia Socialist Party led by Charles Schenck published 15,000 leaflets protesting US involvment in World War I. The leaflet described the war as cold-blooded and ruthless to serve the interests of the rich on Wall Street, and urged young men to resist the draft (arguing that the 13th Amendment prohibition on slavery made the draft illegal as well). Schenck and other Socialists were arrested and convicted of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 (which made it a federal crime to encourage resistance to the draft, among other things). The Socialists took the case to the Supreme Court arguing that their First Amendment rights of freedom of speech and press had been violated.

4.

Limits in Criticizing the Government II
In 1951, a group of 11 Communist party members had been convicted of advocating the violent overthrow of the government, a violation of the Smith Act of 1940 (made it a crime to advocate, conspire, organize or be a member of a group that desires the violent overthrow of the government). The Communists argued that their small group did not pose a clear and present danger to the country.

The Supreme Court created a new test called clear and probable danger. But the Court still ruled that the defendants’ rights had not been violated. Historians believe this was due to Red Scare pressures of the time as Justice Hugo Black (an absolutist) points out in his dissent:

“So long as this Court exercises the power of judicial review of legislation, I cannot agree that the First Amendment permits us to sustain laws suppressing freedom of speech and press on the basis of Congress’ or our own notions of mere “reasonableness.” Such a doctrine waters down the First Amendment so that it amounts to little more than an admonition to Congress. The Amendment as so construed is not likely to protect any but those “safe” or orthodox views which rarely need its protection….

There is hope, however, that in calmer times, when present pressures, passions and fears subside, this or some later Court will restore the First Amendment liberties to the high preferred place where they belong in a free society.”

In 1957, the Court ignored clear and present, and clear and probable danger tests, and overturned the convictions of west coast Communist party leaders. The Court found that the members had only advocated the violent overthrow of the government as an abstract doctrine, and did not advocate actual action. This burden of proof made it much more difficult for government prosecutors and cases against US Communists dwindled. The times had changed.

The Court went even further in 1969 in Brandenburg vs Ohio, overturning the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan leader by distinguishing between the advocacy of ideas and the incitement to imminent unlawful conduct.

5.

The Media Made Me Do It
Can a film, book or recording be held liable for inciting someone to commit criminal acts?

Courts use the Brandenburg test to determine this.
In 1997, gang member Ronald Howard, while driving a stolen car and high on drugs, shot and killed a Texas state police officer who had pulled him over for a traffic violation. When he shot the officer, Howard was listening to Tupac Shakur’s “2PacalypseNow,” and argued that the recording incited him to kill.

A district court in Texas refused to hold Time Warner responsible for the death. The court determined that while a recording likeShakur’s can do harm, that society gets important benefits from the free flow of ideas, and these benefits outweigh the cost that society endures by receiving dangerous ideas. “At best, this recording reveals that weak-willed individuals may be influenced byShakur’s work. Swaying the weak-willed does not remove the constitutional protection for speech.”
Most cases brought before the courts are usually resolved like this but…

In 1996, Paladin Enterprises and its president were sued for wrongful death. The company published a book titled “Hit Man: A Technical Manual for Independent Contractors.” A man hired a hit man to kill his ex-wife, son and nurse. The familes of the victims sued Paladin for selling an instruction manual for the killings.

A US District Court ruled the book was protected by the First Amendment. “However loathsome one characterizes the publication, ‘Hit Man’ simply does not fall within the parameters of any recognized exceptions to the First Amendment principles of free speech.” The judge noted that 13,000 copies of the book had been sold, but only one person in 10 years had actually used the book to commit a crime.

But a year later the US Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the lower court saying the book was not an abstract advocacy, but a form of aiding and abetting a crime. The book “methodically and comprehensively prepares and steels its audience to specific criminal conduct through exhaustively detailed instructions on planning, commission and concealment of criminal conduct.” The court noted that this was a unique case and should not expand liability of publishers or broadcasters when someone copies a crime or other act in a news report, film or television program. An appeal to the US Supreme Court was denied.

Despite the Paladin case, the test of Brandenburg makes it very difficult to win a lawsuit that claims a book, song, movie, etc. was responsible for causing someone’s illegal acts. It’s a balancing act between free expression and the right of the nation to protect itself from violent revolution.

Video Games
Doom was partly blamed for the Columbine High School shooting in Colorado.

Other modern games such as the Grand Theft Auto series, Resident Evil, etc. that have violent images and storylines have been the target of state laws restricting their sale and access by minors. All these laws have been struck down by the courts as a violation of the First Amendment since there is insufficient proof in social science that playing violent video games leads minors to commit acts of violence or harm them psychologically.

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This week we are going to talk advertising.

-advertising is regulated by the FEDERAL LAW No. 15 OF 1980 GOVERNING PUBLICATIONS AND PUBLISHING

https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/tag-legal.com/Upload/file/IP/UAE/Publication and Publishing law.pdf

articles 82 & 83. (DUFFY PDF p33-34)

Consumer Protection Law.

https://www.government.ae/en/information-and-services/justice-safety-and-the-law/consumer-protection

The Federal Law No. 24 of 2006 on Consumer Protection defines consumer’s rights and obligations and outlines certain protection measures to fight monopoly, overpricing and fraudulent commercial activities against consumers.

https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/tamimi.com/law-update-articles/advertising-regulations-in-the-مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب – UAE/

Point 1.

In some jurisdictions, such as for example the United Kingdom, advertising is primarily regulated through independent self-regulating bodies, as well as specific legislation. In the United مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arab Emirates there is no such self regulating body and advertising is regulated through a combination of provisions drawn from laws focusing on the protection of consumers on the one hand and the activities of businesses that may constitute unfair competition on the other.

Generally how the law works.

The Executive Regulation to the Consumer Protection Law provides that consumers have a right to be provided with facts that assist them in proper purchases and consumption. The Executive Regulation further specifically deals with advertising, providing that:

“No person shall be permitted to advertise in any medium any goods or service in such manner leading to deceiving or confusing consumers.”

The Department for Consumer Protection is the appropriate governmental department dealing with consumer complaints and the Consumer Protection Law provides for a minimum fine in the event of a contravention of the law. Consumers aggrieved by misleading advertising may accordingly address their complaints directly to the Department for Consumer Protection.

In addition to the provisions of the Consumer Protection Law, the Suppression of Fraud Executive Regulation (the “Fraud Regulation”) addresses commercial statements whether made directly or indirectly, providing that such statements:

“must be accurate in all respects whether placed on products, shops, inside shops or on packaging, invoices, correspondence, advertising material or other things used to offer good to the public.”

FRAUD!

Commercial statements are specified in the Fraud Regulation to include for example the “power and specifications” and “composition” of products and as such, advertising containing relevant claims that are inaccurate in any respect will be in contravention of the Fraud Regulation.

The ambit of the Fraud Regulation is much wider than the mere focus on “commercial statements” as defined therein, as it also provides that a trader may not resort to any tactic that would confuse or mislead the public, as well as providing that “A trader, manufacturer or producer may not”:

“Use… any form of manipulation of the truth”; and

“All acts that could create confusion or mix-up in any manner with… commercial or industrial activity of competitors.”

Having regard to the provisions of the Fraud Regulation along with that contained in the Suppression of Fraud Law, contravention of the Fraud Regulation may expose an offending advertiser to both a fine and imprisonment.

THE POINT!

The legislation and regulations referred to above do not, and is not intended to, represent a summary of the law in the UAE as it applies to advertising, but rather highlight that both consumers and traders are protected in the UAE against irresponsible and misleading advertising. At the same time, it is important for advertisers to take note that their advertising activities are regulated in the UAE through a complex web of laws and regulations that demand of them to ensure the accuracy of communications with customers.

https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/tamimi.com/law-update-articles/advertising-standards-for-the-مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب – UAE/

What advertisers need to do.

Respect for religion and political institutions:
Prohibited products/services:
Prohibited content:
Privacy:
Consumer Protection:
Health regulations
RESTRICTIONS!

All advertisements broadcast or published in the UAE must be clear and must not contain incorrect information. Advertisements must not create confusion between products. Misleading claims of a comparative nature that have a tendency to mislead consumers are prohibited. Additionally, statements relating to uniqueness that have a tendency to deceive consumers are also prohibited.
The Advertising Standards prohibit the unlawful use of trademarks in advertisements. Advertisements must not contain fraudulent or imitated trademarks. The use of labels or pictures that are unrightfully used is also prohibited.
Broadcast or publication of specialized advertisements, i.e. advertisements about medicines or pharmaceutical products, food products and promotions require special permission of the relevant authority prior to issuance. Similarly, advertisements relating to properties, universities and kindergartens must be approved by the relevant authority.
CYBER LAW! Why is it important!

Terms are important

https://www.government.ae/en/resources/laws

http://ejustice.gov.ae/downloads/latest_laws/cybercrimes_5_2012_en.pdf

DUFFY p36/37

rticle 1 defines terms

Electronic Information: Any information which may be stored, processed, generated and transmitted through information technology means and in specific writings, images, sound, digits, letters, symbols, signals and others.

Website: A place where the electronic information are made available on the computer network, including social communication sites, personal pages and blogs.

Confidential Any information or data unauthorized to be disclosed or made available to third parties unless by a prior permission from the owner of this authorization.

Article 7 Shall be punished by temporary imprisonment whoever obtains, possesses, modifies, destroys or discloses without authorization the data of any electronic document or electronic information through the computer network, a website, an electronic information system or information technology means where these data or information are related to medical examinations, medical diagnosis, medical treatment or care or medical records.

Article 20 Without prejudice to the crime of slander determined by the Islamic Sharia, shall be punished by imprisonment and a fine not less than two hundred fifty thousand dirhams and not in excess of five hundred thousand dirhams or either of these two penalties whoever insults or accuses another person of a matter of which he shall be subject to punishment or being held in contempt by others, by using a computer network or an information technology means. If a slander or insult is committed against a public official or servant in the course of or because of his work, this shall be considered an aggravating factor of the crime

Article 21 Shall be punished by imprisonment of a period of at least six months and a fine not less than one hundred and fifty thousand dirhams and not in excess of five hundred thousand dirhams or either of these two penalties whoever uses a computer network or and electronic information system or any information technology means for the invasion of privacy of another person in other than the cases allowed by the law and by any of the following ways:

1- Eavesdropping, interception, recording, transferring, transmitting or disclosure of conversations or communications, or audio or visual materials.

2- Photographing others or creating, transferring, disclosing, copying or saving electronic photos.

3- Publishing news, electronic photos or photographs, scenes, comments, statements or information even if true and correct.

Shall also be punished by imprisonment for a period of at least one year and a fine not less than two hundred and fifty thousand dirhams and not in excess of five hundred thousand dirhams or either of these two penalties whoever uses an electronic information system or any information technology means for amending or processing a record, photo or scene for the purpose of defamation of or offending another person or for attacking or invading his privacy.

Article 22 Shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of at least six months and a fine not less than five hundred thousand dirhams and not in excess of one million dirhams or either of these two penalties whoever uses, without authorization, any computer network, website or information technology means to disclose confidential information which he has obtained in the course of or because of his work.

UAE Penal Code

https://www.adjd.gov.ae/sites/Authoring/AR/ELibrary Books/E-Library/PDFs/Penal Code.pdf

Article 378(1) Shall be sentenced to detention and to a fine, whoever violates the private or familial life of individuals, by perpetrating one of the following acts, unless authorized by law, or without the victim’s consent: a. If he lends his ears, records or transmits, through an apparatus of any kind, conversations that took place in a private place or through the telephone or any other apparatus. b. Captures or transmits, through any kind of apparatus, the picture of a person in a private place. Should the acts, referred to in the two preceding paragraph, be perpetrated during a meeting in front of the attending persons, their consent shall be presumed.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Situational definition:

Situational definition
Analysis of situation, application of moral theories
Decision or ethical judgment
identify conflicting values or facts;
try to state the ethical question involved in one sentence.
Analysis:

debate relative importance of conflicting values or facts;
consider possibility of external factors;
consider: “what do we usually do?”
consider who will be affected, including you, colleagues, sources, advertisers, society;
consider both your emotional and rational response.
Decision:

make final decision;
justify final decision based on likely criticism from detractors.

DAY READING

P59

Duty Based Theory or Deontological (duty in Greek) or Categorical Imperative

NON CONSEQUENTIALIST- act on universal norms whether good or bad outcome

The issue is what WE SHOULD DO NOT THE PERSON WE SHOULD BE.

Action on universal principles.

KANT- we are acting on moral rules that are universally applied

DOING BAD THINGS FOR A GOOD REASON ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE.

P60

-emphasis on commitment to principals to be applied universally

-emphasis on rules and commitment

-few exceptions make the thinking predictable

-special rules could be made

-Kant believed in living up to standards of actions because they are good NOT because of the consequences.

-autonomy of others is important and people should never be treated as a means to an end

-the intent of the act is as important as the act itself

WHY IS IT GOOD?

WHY IS IT BAD?

p61

Consequence Based Theory OR Teleological Theory

-concerned with the outcome not the intention of the act

NOT ABOUT WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG.

-ethically best outcomes come from the best ethical actions

-the focus is on minimizing harm

-seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

P62

-greater flexibility

-ignores special obligations to the persecuted, under privileged…

Challenges!

1. EGOIST-moral agents maximise outcomes for themselves

2. UTILITARIANS- John Stuart Mill (all about the greatest good)

WHAT IS GOOD?

WHAT IS BAD?

Golden Mean

-not focused on standards for evaluating ethical behavior

-focus is on the kind of person we should be NOT what we should do

ARISTOTLE AND THE GOLDEN MEAN

try to aim for the middle and be a good person

-we learn to be good

Patterson and Wilkins

P7.

We want to think of the philosophy behind making ethical decisions.

Different groups of theory are used to make justifications for doing or not doing things.

ARISTOTLE’S GOLDEN MEAN or Virtue Theory

-this is all based on happiness!

-we want to demonstrate the highest level of practical reason in all our activities.

p.9

-you don’t want to do too much or too little you want to be in the middle.

Categorical Imperative

Duty Based Theory

Deontological Theory

Immanuel Kant

-The choices we make for ourselves should be seen as universal laws

p10

-It is the act itself where the moral issue is not in the person

-Kant believed in good and bad duties and did not have much in the middle

-consequence is not really important to Kant

-what is important is that the act is good

-universality is important and the act must apply to all, all must be able to do it

Consequence based theory

Teleological

Utilitarian’s

P11

-John Stuart Mill-concerned with the consequences not the action

(see the chart)
_____________________________________

Another way of looking at theory and the model for analysis.

This is a nice quick reminder of 2 sides of ethics.

__________________________________________________________________________________

THE PLAN

1. What is the law?

2. The NMC

3. How does ethics fit?

4. SAD (start analysis)

https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/tamimi.com/law-update-articles/advertising-regulations-in-the-مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب – UAE/

Point 1.

In some jurisdictions, such as for example the United Kingdom, advertising is primarily regulated through independent self-regulating bodies, as well as specific legislation. In the United مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arab Emirates there is no such self regulating body and advertising is regulated through a combination of provisions drawn from laws focusing on the protection of consumers on the one hand and the activities of businesses that may constitute unfair competition on the other.

Generally how the law works.

The Executive Regulation to the Consumer Protection Law provides that consumers have a right to be provided with facts that assist them in proper purchases and consumption. The Executive Regulation further specifically deals with advertising, providing that:

“No person shall be permitted to advertise in any medium any goods or service in such manner leading to deceiving or confusing consumers.”

The Department for Consumer Protection is the appropriate governmental department dealing with consumer complaints and the Consumer Protection Law provides for a minimum fine in the event of a contravention of the law. Consumers aggrieved by misleading advertising may accordingly address their complaints directly to the Department for Consumer Protection.

In addition to the provisions of the Consumer Protection Law, the Suppression of Fraud Executive Regulation (the “Fraud Regulation”) addresses commercial statements whether made directly or indirectly, providing that such statements:

“must be accurate in all respects whether placed on products, shops, inside shops or on packaging, invoices, correspondence, advertising material or other things used to offer good to the public.”

FRAUD!

Commercial statements are specified in the Fraud Regulation to include for example the “power and specifications” and “composition” of products and as such, advertising containing relevant claims that are inaccurate in any respect will be in contravention of the Fraud Regulation.

The ambit of the Fraud Regulation is much wider than the mere focus on “commercial statements” as defined therein, as it also provides that a trader may not resort to any tactic that would confuse or mislead the public, as well as providing that “A trader, manufacturer or producer may not”:

“Use… any form of manipulation of the truth”; and

“All acts that could create confusion or mix-up in any manner with… commercial or industrial activity of competitors.”

Having regard to the provisions of the Fraud Regulation along with that contained in the Suppression of Fraud Law, contravention of the Fraud Regulation may expose an offending advertiser to both a fine and imprisonment.

THE POINT!

The legislation and regulations referred to above do not, and is not intended to, represent a summary of the law in the UAE as it applies to advertising, but rather highlight that both consumers and traders are protected in the UAE against irresponsible and misleading advertising. At the same time, it is important for advertisers to take note that their advertising activities are regulated in the UAE through a complex web of laws and regulations that demand of them to ensure the accuracy of communications with customers.

https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/tamimi.com/law-update-articles/advertising-standards-for-the-مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب – UAE/

Standards in relation to advertisements.

The Advertising Standards set out principles in relation to all digital and traditional advertisements broadcast or published through any media corporation and outlet in the UAE. Although, the Advertising Standards do not define the meaning of these terms, they may be interpreted broadly to include advertisements issued by shops, for example.

Many of the standards set out in the Advertising Standards reiterate principles already established under various existing legislations and regulations, while others introduce new rules governing advertisements and advertising content in the region. We summarize the main standards below:

Respect for religion and political institutions:
Advertising content must be respectful of all divine religions and not offend Islamic beliefs. It must not disrespect the regime in the UAE and/or the symbols and political institutions thereof. Further, no content broadcast or published by a media corporation or outlet may disrespect the local and international policies of the UAE or disrespect the cultural heritage of the UAE.

Prohibited products/services:
The Advertising Standards explicitly prohibit advertising alcoholic beverages, tobacco, smoking and all banned products or services including banned narcotics.

Prohibited content:
The Advertising Standards prohibit the publication of words and pictures that breach public morals. They further prohibit the spread and dissemination of information that may prejudice children, women or any other members of society. The Advertising Standards also prohibit the provocation of violence, hatred and sectarianism via advertising content.

Privacy:
With a view to protecting the privacy of individuals, the Advertising Standards explicitly prohibit the broadcast and publication of misleading news and rumors.

Consumer Protection:
The Advertising Standards mandate compliance with the laws governing consumer protection and commercial activities particularly in relation to anti-competitive practices and illegal monopolies.

Health regulations
Advertising content relating to medicines or pharmaceutical products must comply with the rules set out by Cabinet Resolution No. 7 of 2007 Regarding Health Advertisements Regulation.

3. Requirements of advertising content.

The most notable requirement under these new Advertising Standards is that advertisements are now required to be in standard مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arabic or the local Emirati dialect. Prior to the issuance of these Advertising Standards, there was no such requirement.

We summarize additional requirements in respect of advertisements below:

All advertisements broadcast or published in the UAE must be clear and must not contain incorrect information. Advertisements must not create confusion between products. Misleading claims of a comparative nature that have a tendency to mislead consumers are prohibited. Additionally, statements relating to uniqueness that have a tendency to deceive consumers are also prohibited.
The Advertising Standards prohibit the unlawful use of trademarks in advertisements. Advertisements must not contain fraudulent or imitated trademarks. The use of labels or pictures that are unrightfully used is also prohibited.
Broadcast or publication of specialized advertisements, i.e. advertisements about medicines or pharmaceutical products, food products and promotions require special permission of the relevant authority prior to issuance. Similarly, advertisements relating to properties, universities and kindergartens must be approved by the relevant authority.
4. Enforcement.

The National Media Council is authorized, under the Advertising Standards, to apply various penalties for non-compliant advertisements. Such penalties may not be in isolation of any other penalties that may perhaps be imposed upon an entity under Federal Law No. 15 of 1980 Regarding Printed Matters and Publications. Enforcement of such penalties can occur against any or all of the “advertiser”, “producer” and “publication means” (the Advertising Standards do not define the meaning of these terms) where each of these can be liable for advertising content that does not comply with standards as set forth in these Advertising Standards.

What the National Media Council does.

https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/nmc.gov.ae/ar-ae/Pages/default.aspx

The National Media Council is an independent federal body established in 2006. Its role is to develop a national strategy to promote the media sector in the United مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arab Emirates and to enhance its positive image and to keep pace with its distinguished position at various levels in order to ensure the integration of roles to achieve informed national media. And is able to spread the message of the UAE based on the values of moderation, moderation and tolerance.

The Council shall also prepare the necessary regulations, standards and foundations for the operation, licensing and accreditation of the media and its employees, as well as the preparation of regulations and standards for the organization of information and electronic publishing, coordination with the media free zone authorities to establish a regulatory framework for their relationship with the Council; In addition to the follow-up of the media content in its various forms, traditional and digital.

So, what are the advertising rules?

http://law.2gis.ae/advert-rules/requirements/

Requirements for the content of advertising materials
1. General Provisions

1.1. These Requirements for the Content of Advertising Materials (the «Requirements») shall be applicable to all promotional advertisements used in connection with 2GIS Products in the United مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arab Emirates (the «UAE»).

1.2. The advertisements that are produced, placed or distributed within the UAE or imported into the UAE must abide by the National Media Council Resolution of Advertising Standards, Resolution No. 35 of 2012 (the «National Standards»). In addition to the National Standards, the content of all advertisements that are printed and distributed through visual media in the UAE is governed by the Publications and Publishing Law, Federal Law No. 15 of 1980 (the «Publishing Law»).

1.3. The National Standards defer the control and regulation of specialized advertising related to health, promotional campaigns, real estate, educational institutions, or securities or financial services to the respective regulatory authority of those sectors.

2. The National Standards

2.1. In accordance with Article 4 of the National Standards, the content of advertisements must:

a) not offend Islam and must respect monotheistic religions;

b) respect the ruling regime in the UAE, including the heads of state, rulers, members of the royal family, and the symbols and political institutions thereof;

c) respect the cultural and traditional heritage of the UAE;

d) not offend public discipline and national order, or incite sectarian dissension among the tribes and individuals of society;

e) respect the laws and policies of the UAE, both on a domestic level and in terms of the UAE’s relations with other countries;

f) not offend the economic stability of the UAE, or spread rumours or misleading news;

g) respect the UAE’s programs to enhance its national identity;

h) respect the ethical and honest principles, values and standards of the UAE, including the rules governing business, consumer protection, fair competition and the prohibition of commercial fraud and monopolies;

i) not be offensive to children, women or any social groups;

j) not incite hatred or violence;

k) not include obscene photos or words;

l) not promote the acts of sorcery or astrological predictions;

m) comply with the conditions and controls related to the UAE flag, national emblem and anthem;

n) respect intellectual property rights of others;

o) not advertise alcoholic beverages or narcotic substances in any way, whether directly or indirectly; and

p) not advertise tobacco or smoking of any kind or method, nor any related goods and services.

2.2. In addition, Article 5 of the National Standards requires that the language of all advertisements shall:

a) not be ambiguous, obscure or void of any clear indications;

b) not include any false or misleading claims, resort to exaggerations and/or intimidation, claim to be unique by disrespecting competitors nor resort to fraud or deception;

c) not include images that are falsified or imitated or images that violate intellectual property rights of others;

d) not lead to confusion or ambiguity with other products or activities;

e) include the spoken Emirati dialect or the classic مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arabic language; and

f) clearly identify the advertiser.

2.3. All specialized advertising such as that related to medicine, drugs, food, promotional campaigns, special offers, real estate, or universities and educational institutions must obtain prior approvals from the competent authorities.

2.4. Pursuant to Article 6 of the National Standards, 2GIS must ensure compliance with the National Standards by keeping records of all the advertising material produced, printed or distributed for the previous three (3) consecutive months. Accordingly, 2GIS reserves the right to request from the advertiser documents or data to prove compliance with the National Standards, including data on obtaining licenses and mandatory certifications.

3. The Publishing Law

3.1. In accordance with Chapter 7 of the Publishing Law, the following materials are prohibited to be published:

a) criticisms made against the head of the UAE or rulers of the Emirates;

b) any work that involves any instigation against Islam or the system of ruling in the UAE or that causes harm to the interest of the UAE or the values of its society;

c) opinions that violate public discipline and order, involve insult to teenagers or call for or circulate subversive ideas;

d) material that instigates criminal activity, incites hatred or provokes actions of dissension among individuals of society;

e) confidential, official or military communications, unless permission is obtained from the proper authority;

f) conventions or treaties the government becomes a party to before they are published in the official gazette, unless permission is obtained;

g) minutes of meetings, deliberations, or court hearings published in bad faith, misinterpreted or distorted;

h) articles causing damage to the president of an مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arab, Islamic or any other friendly state or any material that agitates the relations between the UAE and other مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arab, Islamic and friendly countries;

i) articles defaming مساعدة التعيين – خدمة كتابة المقالات من قبل كبار الكتاب العرب, Arabs and their civilization and heritage;

j) news on an ongoing criminal investigation if the judge orders the investigation to be kept confidential or the public prosecution restricts such pu lication;

k) news, pictures or comments about an individual’s private life if their publication is meant to disgrace such individuals;

l) secrets that may cause harm to the reputation of a person, his property or his commercial name;

m) publications meant to coerce a person into paying money or rendering a benefit to someone else;

n) false news about a person published in bad faith, including forged or tampered documents to relate such news to the person;

o) news that causes harm to the UAE national currency or causes damage to the UAE national economy;

p) phrases, expressions or pictures that are inconsistent with public conduct or might otherwise mislead the public;

q) advertisements for medicines or pharmaceutical preparations without permission from the proper authority at the UAE Ministry of Health; and

r) offensive information about a public official, or any person occupying a post in the public prosecution or assigned to perform a public job, unless the writer can prove the information was published in good faith.

4. Health Advertisements

4.1. UAE Ministry of Health Resolution No. 430 of 2007 governs advertisements for the following products and services:

a) medicines;

b) herbal supplements;

c) medical additives;

d) beauty products;

e) medical equipment and accessories; and

f) services of medical institutions and medical practitioners using traditional or alternative medical treatment methods, collectively referred to as «Medical Products.»

4.2. Before publicizing an advertisement of Medical Products, the advertiser must obtain an advertising license from the UAE Ministry of Health (the «MoH»).

4.2.1. In order to qualify for an advertising license, the content of the advertisement must:

a) include the nature, quality and attributes of the Medical Product;

b) not breach the general laws and regulations of the UAE, including the Publishing Law, laws related to the practice of medicine or medical professions, law related to the practice of pharmacology and establishing pharmaceutical institutions, and laws related to private health establishments;

c) contain true and balanced statements, including scientific information;

d) not contradict UAE customs and traditions or Islamic principles nor cause harm to public decency;

e) not cause damage to a third party’s products or facilities;

f) avoid overstatements and exaggerations and contain text that is not misleading;

g) not create untrue expectations with regard to the Medical Product;

h) not convince a consumer with a serious illness to improperly self-diagnose himself by treating his illness with the Medical Product;

i) not suggest to consumers that serious consequences shall occur if they do not use the Medical Product;

j) not warn against a competing product licensed in the UAE;

k) not encourage excessive, unsuitable or exclusive consumption of the Medical Product;

l) not include any claim, statement or suggestion of guarantees of success, magic or miraculous treatments;

m) not contain any guarantee or suggestion that it is a safe product and will not cause any harm or side effects;

n) not target minors;

o) not offer personal incentives to pharmacist assistants or retail sales persons not qualified as a pharmacist in exchange for their recommendation of the Medical Product;

p) contain scientific expressions that are suitable and understandable to the public, and published research results should identify the researcher and the financial sponsor of the research; and

q) identify the product sponsor only if the sponsor is in the field of general health and approves being identified.

4.3. Advertising for Private Health Establishments

4.3.1. In addition to the advertisement requirements described in Article 4.2 herein, including approval by the MoH, private health establishment advertisements are restricted to the following situations:

a) opening a new medical establishment;

b) changing location or contact details of the medical establishment;

c) opening new licensed departments within the establishment; and

d) organizing workshops, symposia and conferences.

4.4. Advertising Services of Doctors and Technicians

4.4.1. In addition to the advertisement requirements described in Article 4.2 herein, doctors and technicians are restricted to advertising their services to the following situations, and the advertisement may only run for one (1) week:

a) joining a private health establishment;

b) changing working locations;

c) announcing a return after being abroad for more than one month; and

d) announcing dates of visiting doctors.

4.5. Advertisers must obtain special approvals from the MoH for advertisements regarding health events, including conferences, courses, workshops, and television or radio interviews with medical specialists within the UAE, and for publishing advertisements in the UAE for such events occurring outside the UAE.

4.6. Advertisers for medical equipment must obtain approvals by the MoH, and the equipment must be deemed safe for public use by the competent authority.

5. Advertising Promotions and Special Offers

5.1. Promotions and Raffles

5.1.1. Advertisers of promotional campaigns or raffles must obtain an advertising permit from the Department of Economic Development of the Emirate in which it is licensed to do business. Promotional campaigns are defined as activities conducted to promote a product or service.

5.1.2. The advertisements for the promotions cannot violate the National Standards.

5.1.3. The advertisements for the promotions or raffles must include:

a) the timeline for receipt of the promotional product;

b) the date of the raffle (if any); and

c) the participating locations of the promotions or raffle.

5.1.4. The prizes awarded during the promotional campaigns must be benefits, incentives or in-kind vouchers.

5.2. Discounts and Special Offers

5.2.1. Advertisers of discounts and special offers must obtain an advertising permit from the Department of Economic Development of the Emirate in which it is licensed to do business.

5.2.2. The advertisement must indicate the percentage of the discount, and in the event of a range of percentages, the low and high range of the discount.

5.2.3. Sales may not last for longer than thirty (30) days, with an allowance of an extension of one (1) week, and there must be at least a two (2) week gap in between each sale.

5.2.4. The following shall apply for weekly special offers:

a) discounts may not be less than twenty-five percent (25%) of the usual price of the goods or services; and

b) the profit rate should not exceed twenty-five percent (25%) of the cost of the goods or services.

6. Advertising for Educational Institutions

6.1. All advertisements and marketing materials for educational providers must be approved by the educational authority in the Emirate in which the provider is licensed.

6.2. All advertisements and marketing materials for educational providers based in the Emirate of Dubai must abide by the requirements of the Knowledge and Human Development Authority («KHDA»), as described in this Article 6.2.

6.2.1. The content of the material must:

a) be legal, decent, honest, and truthful, and prepared with a sense of responsibility towards Dubai’s society;

b) not be misleading, and must be amended if circumstances change that would render an approved advertisement misleading;

c) clearly explain links in ownership if the educational institution is owned in partnership with another educational institution;

d) provide evidence for any claims that are made within the material (awards, rankings, acknowledgments and collaborations), including the date and timeline of such claims;

e) not discredit or unfairly attack another educational institution;

f) include evidence of accuracy of testimonials used;

g) not include names or logos that closely resemble any other names or logos, and such logos must clearly represent the educational institution;

h) publicize accredited and approved courses/programs;

i) include information regarding any construction of the premises, including a likely date of completion;

j) include language that is appropriate and not offensive, and must state the intention of the educational institution without ambiguity;

k) not violate or contravene the principles of Islam, the national identity of the UAE or culture prevalent in the region;

l) not be racist or adversely target any community or nationality living in the UAE; and

m) comply with all laws of the UAE.

6.2.2. Schools may use the final performance rating reports in commercial advertisements for student enrollment only after all school inspection reports have been published on the KHDA website.

6.2.3. Any advertisements for university programs that are not accredited by KHDA’s University Quality Assurance International Board or another recognized accrediting body must clearly state that the program is not approved by KHDA. KHDA approvals for such advertisements are considered on a case-by-case basis.

7. Advertising for Providers of Real Estate, Securities and Financial Services

7.1. All providers of real estate services in the Emirate of Dubai must include the following in their advertisements:

a) A picture of the property;

b) A price and description of the property; and

c) The provider’s name and registration number with the Dubai Real Estate Regulatory Agency.

7.2. All advertisers of securities and financial services must be registered with the Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority and any other relevant authority.

Standards from other countries that are industry regulation based.

https://www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Statement-of-Ethics.aspx

https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/advertising-and-marketing

https://www.asa.org.uk/codes-and-rulings/advertising-codes.html

https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/adstandards.com/en/Standards/canCodeOfAdStandards.aspx

Look at the PDF reading!

68- a huge issues to think about is the role media plays in persuasion

SO what about when the advertiser plays on the human psyche to care, to love , to dislike… What is a good person, what is family.

69- advertising is often seen as another form of information exchange!

But what about stereotypes, vagueness, visual nature

70- persuasion theory is important to advertising

71-psychology cognitive dissonance is important to ads (knock the viewer off balance) –we like balance so we change the balance and people look!

72- Baker and Martinson the TARES test

-how to determine the ethical worthiness of an ad!

-truthful

-authentic

-respect

-equity

-socially

74- what about vulnerable audiences?

Advertising Standards a Canadian Example!

Accuracy and Clarity
Disguised Advertising Techniques
Price Claims
Bait and Switch
Guarantees
Comparative Advertising
Testimonials
Professional or Scientific Claims

Reflection
Introduction
The billboard advertisement in the Dove Video is not an informative tool as it seeks to promote certain beauty standards for women, which is unethical. After the Dove video was created, it increase a feeling of low self-esteem among women who felt they were not beautiful enough. The ad was not an effective informative tool as it did not teach women to appreciate themselves despite their diversities and shortcomings. Ethically, the Dove video ad campaign is not acceptable as it creates severe negative impact on the women in the society. Marketing firms should uphold ethics while designing media ad campaigns as they reach a large audience of people who will be affected by its message. As a result, the Dove video billboard ad is not an informative and acceptable tool for reaching out to the consumers in the society.
Situational Definition
The billboard advertisement on Dove Video seeks to market make-up for a company through showing how the product will improve the beauty of women. The ad insists on the certain features of women that improves their beauty. It ignores the diversity among women’s beauty. Women can be beautiful in their own ways. However, the ad prejudges and set rigid standards for beautiful women. The standards set by the ad cannot fit into the characteristics of all women. It fails in the presenting all women in the society and thus, it creates stress and pressure for women to confirm to such standards.
Analysis:
From the controversial ad campaign, the company claims to define beauty, which creates a dangerous impression among young girls. The ad claims real beauty only comprises of having a flawless skin, lovely face, arms and legs. The company used the individualist approach rather than groupism to develop the billboard advertisement. All marketing media companies should follow the groupsim model that promotes the societal interests. In the UAE, the Dove ad is unacceptable as it undermines the societal interests through promoting unethical ideas.
The understanding of media ethics is based on the contextualization of moral reasoning. The moral reasoning process involves three areas including the moral context, the philosophical perspectives of moral theory, and the critical thinking aspect. The decision on whether practices are ethical or unethical is done within a context whereby a dilemma emerges. The ethical concern, the facts, and the values and moral responsibilities in the situation. In the case of Dove ad campaign, the marketers had a moral responsibility to develop informative advertisements that appreciates women’s beauty. The context of the Dove ad campaign is the makeup industry that produces products to improve women’s beauty. However, the moral concern was that the ad was involved in setting a standard beauty for women, which is not achievable.
The developers of the marketing ad were ignorant of the environment. Media ethics demands that the marketers should evaluate the social and cultural environment to ensure that the ads confirms to the societal expectations. Classical philosophy is directly linked to the ethical decision making process in the society. In the identification of the key ethical theories, it is critical to develop a moral reasoning approach. Virtue ethics model is based on golden mean. This means that all media works should be balanced and fair. Dove ad does not follow the guidelines of virtue ethics theory. It insists on unfair and non-balanced characterization of women’s beauty, which is inappropriate.
Kant’s ethical approach believes that moral behavior is measured by engaging in good conduct. The model argues that persons should be allowed the freedom to act, but they should uphold the core moral principles. Kant’s ethics theory was based on the duty-based moral model. It implies that every person has an obligation to be honest. It also seeks to ensures that all persons are respected and dignity. The understanding of the ethics of Dove video is possible through reviewing whether the messages are truthful, authentic, treats the audience with respect, and its socially responsible. The ad was not truthful as makeup is not natural and it deceives women on the perception about beauty, which is deceptive. The marketing department of the company should evaluate their ethical responsibility and compliance to enhance respect for the audience and developing more authentic ads.
Decision:
The billboard ad on Dove video is unacceptable and non-informative and thus, it should not be allowed to run in the UAE media as it undermines the media ethics and fails to meet the societal expectations. The decision is based on the evidence that women were negatively impacted by the message communicated in the advert. Such advertisement should not be allowed as they will internal conflicts among women on their beauty. The Dove advertisement should focus on representing every type of woman to give people the freedom to define what real beauty means.
Conclusion
In summary, the billboard advertisement derived from the Dove Video is unacceptable and unethical as it does not present useful information to the consumers. Legally, the billboard ad might not be wrong. However, it fails the ethical test due to promoting fake beauty impressions affect the self-esteem of women. For example, the ad does not adhere to the principles of Kant theory and virtue theory that advocates for doing good and enhancing fairness. The company involved in the billboard ad did not respect the feelings and perceptions of women in the society. The billboard ad should have explained the importance of diversity and the beauty in the differences of women in the society.
.