Short Paper WEEK 1Please complete the assignment, Facts and Opinions. You will be writing a paper evaluating a short article on a topic of controversy or interest. Please see the document Week 1 Assignment Directions located in Doc Sharing for full instructions.Submit your completed paper to the Dropbox by the end of Week 1. As with all weekly written assignments in this course, it is most important to follow the directions carefully and sequentially.Doc Sharing also contains a page of general directions that apply to all written papers for this course.Language and communication are also important in this course, so take care to write as well as you can. Use the Spell Checking and Grammar functions on your computer. Word is the required format for everything you submit in this course.Write your answer in a Word document and save it with a filename SurnameThinkingWeek1.docx.For example, Chiquita Banana would name her assignment BananaThinkingWeek1.docx.For this week, using the format provided will ease your way.Submit your assignment to the Dropbox located on the silver tab at the top of this pageDevry PHIL447 Week 2 Assignment Short PaperShort PaperIf you want to think critically, learn to think clearly and express yourself well. Everybody, no matter how well he or she writes, can improve. The two best ways to improve are to read and analyze the good work of other writers and then to practice writing yourself. Finding the right topic can be the most difficult part, so here is one provided for you.Your assignment is to write a short essay of two to three double-spaced pages on the item presented below. Here are the steps.Clearly identify the argument (or arguments) in the passage.State your own position on the case (or a hypothetical position if you do not already have one).Give at least one good reason in support of your position in the form of an essential claim premise.Anticipate one objection to your position (the best one if you think of several), and state how you would respond reasonably to the person making the objection.This will be a controversial topic, so it is important to write a well-reasoned assignment rather than an emotionally driven one.Here is the item for your assignment:On February 11, 2003, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the State of Arkansas could force death row prisoner Charles Laverne Singleton to take antipsychotic drugs to make him sane enough to execute. Singleton was to be executed for felony capital murder but became insane while in prison. “Medicine is supposed to heal people, not prepare them for execution. A law that asks doctors to make people well so that the government can kill them is an absurd law,” said David Kaczynski, the executive director of New Yorkers Against the Death Penalty.Give your written assignment a file name in the following format: SurnameThinkingWeek2.docx. If William Jennings Bryant were a student in this course, his paper would have the filename BryantThinkingWeek2.docx.Submit your assignment to the Dropbox located on the silver tab at the top of this page. For instructions on how to use the Dropbox, read these.next.ecollege.com/default/launch.ed?ssoType=DVUHubSSO2&node=184″>step-by-step instructions or watch thisWEK 4.8181819915771px;”=””>Here is a short item on a controversial subject – one in which you may have a personal interest or investment:Since the attacks on American targets happened on September 11, 2001, Americans have been required by their government and by social pressure to give up or limit certain freedoms that they formerly took for granted. Americans now must endure onerous security checks at airports, have their communications and library records monitored through secret warrants, even in some instances give up the right to habeas corpus. The argument in favor of these actions has been that Americans must sacrifice some civil liberties to obtain security, especially in a time of war. Opponents argue that such intrusions amount to an unjustified abuse and extension of government power.Your task for this assignment is to take a position on the controversy and write it up rhetorically.Be sure to include the following in your paper.Use whatever rhetorical devices you want from Chapters 5, 6, and 7 of the textbook, and you may add as many as you wish. Then add a paragraph at the end in which you label the rhetorical devices you chose and why they were helpful and important to you. If you brought in outside research, be sure to include a works cited section at the very end employing DeVry’s standard for APA citations.Limit your paper with the added paragraph and works cited to a maximum of three double-spaced pages.Write your answer in a Word document and save it with a filename SurnameLogicalWeek4.docx.For example, Sam Houston would name his HoustonThinkingWeek4.docx.WEEK 3Short PaperThe written assignment for Week 3 is to write a short essay of two or three double-spaced pages after you have watched two televised newscasts of national news on the same day. One newscast is to come from a cable or satellite news network (examples being CNN, Headline, Fox News, CNBC, and MSNBC) and the other from one of the broadcast networks (examples being CBS, NBC, ABC, or Fox Network).Please be sure to select national newscasts rather than your local city or regional newscasts.You have your choice of which cable/satellite source and which broadcast source you choose. The half-hour newscasts are best for this exercise.While watching, keep notes of the top three stories and the amount of time devoted to each of the three stories.With your notes in hand, write your comparison of the two newscasts based on these four factors:the top three news stories covered – whether they match or differ in the two newscasts;the amount of air time given to each of those three stories;any difference in the slant of the presentations of the three stories; andanything you heard that affected the credibility of the people delivering the reports.To conclude, how would you account for the similarities between the two newscasts in both selection and content of the stories?Write your answer in a Word document and save it with a filename SurnameThinkingWeek3.docx.For example, the late Walter Cronkite would name his CronkiteThinkingWeek3.docx.Submit your assignment to the Dropbox located on the silver tab at the top of this page. For instructions on how to use the DropboxQUIZES1. (TCOs 2, 7 & 9) Determine which one of the rhetorical devices or fallacies covered so far in our course occurs in the passage below. PROF: “I gave you a D on your essay because your organization was terrible, your arguments were not relevant to the issue, and your grammar was so bad it was difficult to read.”STUDENT: “Yeah. Well, my dad’s a big contributor to this university. See how long your job lasts after I talk to him!” (Points : 5)Argument from forceWishful thinkingArgument from envyTwo wrongs make a rightQuestion 2. 2. (TCOs 2, 7 & 9) Determine which one of the rhetorical devices or fallacies covered so far in our course occurs in the passage below. “Despite all the fancy technology around today, no one likes a nerd. Go into some major other than engineering.” (Points : 5)Groupthink fallacyRationalizationArgument from envyPeer pressure argumentQuestion 3. 3. (TCOs 7 & 9) Which option best depicts the fallacy found in this passage: If cigarettes aren’t bad for you, then how come it’s so hard on your health to smoke? (Points : 5)Circumstantial ad hominemGenetic fallacyBegging the questionStrawmanQuestion 4. 4. (TCOs 7 & 9) Select the option that best depicts the fallacy found in this passage: Just how much sex has to be in a movie before you call it pornographic? Seems to me the whole concept makes no sense. (Points : 5)Line-drawing fallacyPerfectionist fallacyStrawmanSlippery slopeQuestion 1.1.(TCOs 1 & 2) Categorical logic has been the principal form that the methodology of logic took for over 2,000 years, beginning with what philosopher?(Points : 4)EpicurusPlatoPythagorasAristotleQuestion 2.2.(TCO 4) Each of the four standard-form categorical claims in categorical logic can be displayed graphically in a standard way using what logical tool?(Points : 4)Truth tableVenn diagramProbability graphSyllogismQuestion 3.3.(TCOs 1 & 3) Categorical syllogisms employ two premise claims and a conclusion claim in standard forms, and three significant terms each occur exactly twice in exactly two of the claims. What do we call the term that occurs as the subject term of the syllogism’s conclusion?(Points : 4)The minor termThe major termThe middle termThe conjunctive termQuestion 4.4.(TCOs 1 & 2) Standard-form categorical claims all begin with one of a small set of words. Which is the correct set?(Points : 4)All, no, and someMost, no, and someThis, that, and someAll, every, and manyQuestion 5.5.(TCOs 3 & 4) Truth-functional logic employs truth tables to analyze sets of claims working together in arguments. What is the term that describes the situation in which two simpler claims are determined by the truth table to support a true argument “if and only if” both of the claims are true?(Points : 4)ContractionIntersectionConjunctionContradictionQuestion 1.1.(TCO 1 & 5) Which kind of inductive reasoning is being used in the following sample?I spent last night at that hotel and was never once bitten by a bedbug. There are no bedbugs in that hotel.(Points : 4)Generalizing from a sampleArguing from analogyReasoning from general to generalUsing a statistical syllogismQuestion 2.2.(TCO 1& 5) Which kind of inductive reasoning is being used in the following sample?Most members of the House of Representatives take large campaign contributions; therefore, it is safe to conclude that most members of the Senate also take large campaign contributions.(Points : 4)Generalizing from a sampleArguing from analogyReasoning from general to generalUsing a statistical syllogismQuestion 3.3.(TCO 6 & 7) Identify the inductive fallacy in the following example: Hardworking Americans need change now!(Points : 4)Slanted questionSelf-selection fallacyWeak analogyVague generalityQuestion 4.4.(TCO 2) Identify the error in causal reasoning in the following example: Nobody has proven that UFOs did not cause crop circles.(Points : 4)Proof by absence of disproofAppeal to anecdoteOverlooking statistical regressionConfusing conditional probabilitiesQuestion 5.5.(TCO 5) Identify the method of forming a causal hypothesis in the following example: Smoking is related to incidence of specific diseases. Medical data show that smokers are more likely to get emphysema, lung cancer, throat cancer, and heart disease, and get them younger than are nonsmokers. These reports show that smoking is a likely cause for these diseases.(Points : 4)Method of differenceMethod of agreementBest diagnosis methodNone of the aboveQuestion 1.1.(TCOs 1 & 3) An argument is sound when(Points : 4)it is true beyond a reasonable doubt.there is enough support for the argument.the premise of an argument is doubtful.the premise of a valid argument is in fact true.Question 2.2.(TCOs 1 & 2) The word Since is a(Points : 4)conclusion indicator.premise indicator.probability indicator.deduction indicator.Question 3.3.(TCOs 1 & 2) The premises of good inductive arguments(Points : 4)are true beyond any possible doubt.are true beyond a reasonable doubt.support their conclusions.neither answers nor support their conclusions.Question 4.4.(TCOs 1 & 3) How would you rewrite the following claim to remedy problems of ambiguity?Do not assume that common sense by itself solves the problem. Volunteer help requested: Come prepared to lift heavy equipment with construction helmet and work overalls.(Points : 4)Volunteer help requested: Use heavy equipment to lift construction helmets and work overalls.Volunteer help requested: Lift heavy equipment with your construction helmet and work overalls.Volunteer help requested: Use a construction helmet and work overalls to lift heavy equipment.Volunteer help requested: Wear construction helmet and work overalls, and be prepared to lift heavy equipment.Question 5.5.(TCOs 1 & 3) A precising definition(Points : 4)takes on a special meaning in a given context.reduces vagueness or generality.can be used to persuade.tell us what the word ordinarily means.Trends and PredictionsObjectivesThis project fulfills the following objectives.(TCO 5) Given a range of statistical and empirical data, combine several inductive methods of reasoning (argument by analogy, argument by generalization, causal reasoning, or probabilistic reasoning), to draw specific conclusions.(TCO 7) Given a controversial social issue, write a persuasive essay to address the controversy, using identifiable types of arguments (deductive or inductive) and the resources of language, such as denotation, connotation, and figures of speech.(TCO 8) Given a case scenario or a problem, formulate several alternative solutions and select the optimal one to apply under specific circumstances.(TCO 9) Given several current news or opinion articles from print, radio, or television, assess the assumptions and values stated or implied in the articles and explain how these media can influence individual or collective decision making.Project Overview.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#top”>Back to TopThis session, you will write a research essay, which is in APA format and includes a title page, abstract, and references list. The purpose of this paper is to hone your critical thinking skills by creating a suitable research plan, evaluating sources and arguments, and proposing solutions to a problem of current interest. The paper must focus on one of the topics below regarding current trends and future predictions.Changes must happen in both human eating habits and food cultivation if the human race is to surviveThe European Union will, or will not, last another decadeIf lobbying and campaign finance in the US are not reformed, American democracy is doomedHow changes to marriage and family will change American societyHow social media, web sharing, and/or similar trends in the internet will affect social and personal behaviorsWhat changes must happen because of the interaction between the world’s growing population and decreasing natural resourcesChoose a topic from the list above. Follow your personal taste in this choice, but also search a library and a library database for suitable critical articles about the topic. For the paper, you will need to use at least five scholarly articles, authoritative sources, and/or book chapters.The Final Research Paper must include the following.Three to five pages of body and a References page12 pt. Times New Roman fontDouble spacedAPA-style title page and abstractAll pages should be numberedShould contain five sources (minimum)Guidelines.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#top”>Back to TopSelect a topic from the list.Research library catalog and databases for works about the topic (five articles and/or book chapters required).Read the sources.Propose a preliminary thesis or solution on the issue.Write a proposal and outline for the project.Format all documents using the APA Style.Use feedback to shape and revise the paper.Milestones.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#top”>Back to TopIn Week 5 you will choose a topic for writing your project. You will create a Project Proposal and Preliminary Formal Outline for the project to submit in the Drobpox at the end of Week 5. This is worth 50 points.The Rough Draft of the project is due at the end of Week 6 in the Dropbox. In addition, the rough draft should be posted to the Peer Review discussion thread. Each student should complete two peer reviews using the peer evaluation form and post them to the discussion thread. The draft and peer reviews are worth 50 points.The Final Draft, incorporating revisions suggested by your instructor and your peers, is due at the end of Week 7 in the Dropbox. The draft is worth 100 points and should be three to five pages, in APA format including title page, abstract, and references list.Submit your assignment to the Dropbox located on the silver tab at the top of this page. For instructions on how to use the Dropbox, read these.next.ecollege.com/default/launch.ed?ssoType=DVUHubSSO2&node=184″>step-by-step instructionsor watch this Tutorial .next.ecollege.com/default/launch.ed?ssoType=DVUHubSSO2&node=232″>Dropbox Tutorial.See the Syllabus section “Due Dates for Assignments & Exams” for due date information.Grading Paper Writing Service – Topic Examples – Rubrics.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#top”>Back to TopCategoryPoints%DescriptionProposal1530A clear account of the proposed projectOutline1530A correctly formatted outline of the proposed projectOrganization and Cohesiveness510Proposal uses correct paragraphing and APA style; outline uses sentences and follows a clear pattern of development.Editing510Proposal is free of grammatical, typographic, and spelling errors.Content1020The proposal describes a college-level idea for an argumentative research paper.Total50100A quality paper will meet or exceed all of the above requirements.CategoryPoints%DescriptionFirst Draft1050A complete draft was submitted to both the Dropbox and the Peer Review discussion threadDocumentation and Formatting1050The draft follows APA form including title page, abstract, citations, and references. The document has at least five high quality sources.Total20100A quality paper will meet or exceed all of the above requirements.CategoryPoints%DescriptionPeer Reviews1033Student has completed one review of another student’s essay using the peer review forms.Documentation and Formatting1033The peer review includes substantial commentary and suggestions regarding the essays’ grammar, usage, and punctuation.Organization and Cohesiveness1033The peer review includes substantial commentary and suggestions regarding the essays’ content.Total30100A quality paper will meet or exceed all of the above requirements.CategoryPoints%DescriptionFinal Draft55The draft was submitted on time, and meets the minimum requirements for the assignmentDocumentation and Formatting55The draft follows correct APA format including a title page, abstract, citations, and references. The document has at least five high quality sources.Organization and Cohesiveness2020The essay follows a clear argumentative pattern. Paragraphs are fully developed and unified. The writer has used transitions.Editing1010The essay is free of errors in grammar, spelling, usage, and punctuation.Content6060The essay makes a coherent, relevant argument. The essay contains specific evidence, and thorough analysis of the issue. The introduction and conclusion are effective.Total100100A quality paper will meet or exceed all of the above requirements.Best PracticesSelect several variations on your topic and check to see if there are enough articles and/or book chapters about the topic to complete the assignment.Read the materials and take notes.Homework help – Discuss your findings in the Proposal.When in doubt, ask for your instructor’s opinion or approval.rends and Predictions.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#1″>Objectives| .equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#2″>Project Overview| .equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#3″>Guidelines| .equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#4″>Milestones| .equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#5″>Grading Paper Writing Service – Topic Examples – Rubrics| .equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#6″>Best PracticesObjectives.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#top”>Back to TopThis project fulfills the following objectives.(TCO 5) Given a range of statistical and empirical data, combine several inductive methods of reasoning (argument by analogy, argument by generalization, causal reasoning, or probabilistic reasoning), to draw specific conclusions.(TCO 7) Given a controversial social issue, write a persuasive essay to address the controversy, using identifiable types of arguments (deductive or inductive) and the resources of language, such as denotation, connotation, and figures of speech.(TCO 8) Given a case scenario or a problem, formulate several alternative solutions and select the optimal one to apply under specific circumstances.(TCO 9) Given several current news or opinion articles from print, radio, or television, assess the assumptions and values stated or implied in the articles and explain how these media can influence individual or collective decision making.Project Overview.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#top”>Back to TopThis session, you will write a research essay, which is in APA format and includes a title page, abstract, and references list. The purpose of this paper is to hone your critical thinking skills by creating a suitable research plan, evaluating sources and arguments, and proposing solutions to a problem of current interest. The paper must focus on one of the topics below regarding current trends and future predictions.Changes must happen in both human eating habits and food cultivation if the human race is to surviveThe European Union will, or will not, last another decadeIf lobbying and campaign finance in the US are not reformed, American democracy is doomedHow changes to marriage and family will change American societyHow social media, web sharing, and/or similar trends in the internet will affect social and personal behaviorsWhat changes must happen because of the interaction between the world’s growing population and decreasing natural resourcesChoose a topic from the list above. Follow your personal taste in this choice, but also search a library and a library database for suitable critical articles about the topic. For the paper, you will need to use at least five scholarly articles, authoritative sources, and/or book chapters.The Final Research Paper must include the following.Three to five pages of body and a References page12 pt. Times New Roman fontDouble spacedAPA-style title page and abstractAll pages should be numberedShould contain five sources (minimum)Guidelines.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#top”>Back to TopSelect a topic from the list.Research library catalog and databases for works about the topic (five articles and/or book chapters required).Read the sources.Propose a preliminary thesis or solution on the issue.Write a proposal and outline for the project.Format all documents using the APA Style.Use feedback to shape and revise the paper.Milestones.equella.ecollege.com/file/e7411ef1-c5d9-4889-9091-68889120c6cc/1/PHIL447_CH_CourseProject.html#top”>Back to TopIn Week 5 you will choose a topic for writing your project. You will create a Project Proposal and Preliminary Formal Outline for the project to submit in the Drobpox at the end of Week 5. This is worth 50 points.The Rough Draft of the project is due at the end of Week 6 in the Dropbox. In addition, the rough draft should be posted to the Peer Review discussion thread. Each student should complete two peer reviews using the peer evaluation form and post them to the discussion thread. The draft and peer reviews are worth 50 points.The Final Draft, incorporating revisions suggested by your instructor and your peers, is due at the end of Week 7 in the Dropbox. The draft is worth 100 points and should be three to five pages, in APA format including title page, abstract, and references list..8181819915771px;”=””>Page 1Question 1.1. (TCO 1) “Thinking about thinking” is the definition of what? (Points : 4)Development of argumentsMeasure of good senseDevelopment of critical skillsWriting for clarityCritical thinkingQuestion 2.2. (TCO 1, 2, 4) What is the principle concern when handling an issue? (Points : 4)Whether a given claim is true or notWhether the claim at issue attaches to the conclusion or notWhether the claim at issue is clearly understoodWhether the claim is not ambiguousWhether the claim at issue is open for discussion and resolutionQuestion 3.3. (TCO 1, 2, 3) What are the two conditions needed for a premise to offer support for a conclusion? (Points : 4)It is ethical and justifies an actionIt provides knowledge and defines termsIt provides reasons and analyzes dataIt specifies what caused something and how it worksIt is true and relevant to the conclusionQuestion 4.4. (TCOs 2, 3) For inductive arguments, how do we measure their quality as stronger or weaker? (Points : 4)Based on how much support their premises provide for the conclusionBased on requiring little translation into syllogistic formBased on their appearing in a standard formBased on the clear definition of critical wordsBased on the syllogism that can be formed from themQuestion 5.5. (TCO 1, 2) The mode of persuasion that Aristotle defined as logos refers to arguments based on what? (Points : 4)Whether a decision is ethicalBeing alert to influences in one’s thinkingThe speaker’s personal attributesThe audience’s emotionsUsing information and reasoningQuestion 6.6. (TCO 6) After identifying the author’s conclusion or thesis in a passage, what is the next step for understanding it? (Points : 4)Locating the reasons that have been offered to support the conclusionSeparating the argument from other nonargumentative material attached to itIdentifying prejudicial coloring in the language of the passageClarifying the context of the passageDetermining the exact meaning of the thesisQuestion 7.7. (TCOs 6, 7, 8, 9) Which of the five items below is usually NOT a part of a good argumentative essay? (Points : 4)Discrediting of other authorsRebuttals of arguments that support contrary positionsA statement of the issueA statement of one’s position on the issueArguments that support one’s position on the issueQuestion 8.8. (TCOs 6, 8, 9) What is the precise meaning of syntactic ambiguity? (Points : 4)A statement is vagueIt is not clear to what a pronoun is supposed to referA statement contains an ambiguous word or phraseA claim is open to two or more interpretations because of its structureIt is not clear whether a word is being used to refer to a group collectively or to members within the group individuallyQuestion 9.9. (TCOs 2, 6, 7, 8) If a claim is made by a disinterested party, we know that (Points : 4)disinterested parties have no stake in our believing one way or another.disinterested parties bring weaker information.disinterested parties lack expertise in the content of given claims.disinterested parties lack credibility over a given claim.disinterested parties bring irrelevant considerations to discussions.Question 10.10. (TCOs 1, 6, 7, 9) What is the purpose of the rhetorical device called a dysphemism? (Points : 4)To improve reader acceptability of conflicting informationTo convey disinformation to readersTo clarify language that would otherwise be vagueTo overcome ambiguityTo produce negative effects in listener’s and reader’s attitudes towards somethingQuestion 11.11. (TCOs 1, 7) What is the purpose of the rhetorical device called a proof surrogate? (Points : 4)A claim for the validity of a euphemismA suggestion that there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing itA claim that proof has actually been achieved in the pastA replacement of one author or speaker by one with greater recognitionA legal process of claim by precedentQuestion 12.12. (TCOs 1, 2) What is the personal ad hominem fallacy? (Points : 4)Attacking an argument based on the personal shortcomings of the one making the argumentThe status given to an argument based on the fame and good reputation of the originating personAttacking an argument based on the confusion of what the author has presented beforeAttacking an argument because of who presented itAttributing added value to an argument based on who has presented itQuestion 13.13. (TCOs 6, 7, 8) To the overall topic of burden of proof, what is the purpose of the rule called initial plausibility? (Points : 4)The initial response of listeners or readers based on their background informationThe plain and common sense of a claim when first presentedThe greater burden of proof placed on someone who asserts a claimThe status of being the first claim or argument presented when a controversy beginsThe greater burden of proof placed upon the first person to try to refute an argumentQuestion 14.14. (TCOs 1, 2) What is a standard-form categorical claim? (Points : 4)The claim that the burden of proof must be shared because the evidence is too weak and indirect.A claim based on the primary documents of early philosophers.A claim that strictly follows Aristotle’s method.A claim that relies upon the orderly processes of biology.A claim that results from putting names or descriptions of classes into one of the AEIO forms.Question 15.15. (TCOs 3, 4) Each standard form of categorical logic has its own graphic illustration known by what name? (Points : 4)Overlapping regionsBlock of exclusionJoHari windowVenn diagramSquare of oppositionQuestion 16.16. (TCOs 3, 4, 8, 9) Claims are equivalent under what terms? (Points : 4)Under no circumstances could both be false.Under no circumstances could one of them be true and the other false.Under no circumstances could the truth of one transfer to the other one.Under no circumstances could the conclusion be true if the premise is false.Under no circumstance can they both be translated into differing standard forms of categorical logic.Question 17.17. (TCOs 2, 3, 4) Logical relationships between corresponding claims of standard-form categorical logic are illustrated in the graphic square of opposition. What is known about two claims when they are called contradictory claims? (Points : 4)They never have the same truth values.One is always false in the set.They always have the same truth values.They never share the same subject term.One is always true in the set.Question 18.18. (TCOs 2, 3, 4) How do you find the converse of a standard-form claim? (Points : 4)By matching the nouns of two claimsBy changing the same claim into a negative claimBy changing the negative claim of a pair to positive languageBy finding a term common to both the subject and predicateBy switching the positions of the subject and predicate termsQuestion 19.19. (TCOs 2, 5) What question is addressed in concerns for bias in sampling? (Points : 4)Is the sample size large enough to overcome issues of random sampling of a diverse target population?What exactly is the feature in the target population that needs to be carefully included in the sample?Is there sufficient probability that the conclusion will support a hypothesis about the target population?Is there sufficient probability that the conclusion will support a hypothesis about the sample?Is any related factor present in the sample in a frequency different from what we would expect to find in the target population?Question 20.20. (TCOs 2, 5) In studying a sample, what is meant by the term error margin? (Points : 4)Underlying assumptions about the choice of the sample itselfThe range of random variation from sample to sampleFactors that reduce the diversity of the sampleThe randomness of the sample populationThe size of the sample itselfQuestion 21.21. (TCOs 1, 5, 8, 9) What is the inductive “fallacy of anecdotal evidence”? (Points : 4)A version of hasty generalizing where the sample is just a storyBypassing standard questions to ask for opinionsTelling personal experiencesBypassing standard questioning to accept data that does not match the possible answersAsking hypothetical questions of “what if…”Question 22.22. (TCOs 1, 2) What does “attacking the analogy” mean? (Points : 4)The acceptance of a lowered degree of similarity between analoguesShowing that analogues are not as similar as stated or impliedA conclusion based on the earliest results of a sampleShowing the interpretation of resultsOverestimating the strength of an analogyQuestion 23.23. (TCOs 1, 2, 3) What is the difference between an explanation and an argument? (Points : 4)Arguments are specific;

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