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epidemiology study and exploratory methods
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Home>Science Coursework Assignment – Need help with my homework – Research paper writing help – Write a paper>epidemiology study and exploratory methods
Epidemiology
Instructions: Out of 40 marks
· Type in times New Roman (size 12) at single line spacing. The page margin of 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides.
· Full or partial points will be deducted if the answer is unclear; contains grammatical errors; or includes incorrect or incomplete information.
· In your answer, specify the E, D and C variables.
· For interpretation of effect measures, include the interpretation of numerical values.
· Make sure to answer all components asked in questions
· Some questions may have multiple correct answers. You are asked to make compelling arguments and justification for your answers
· Base your answer on following topics: Epidemiological Research and Study Designs, Frequency and effect of disease, validity and precision, Selection and information bias, confounding, Confounding versus Interaction / Effect Modification, Interpretation of Confidence Intervals
· Less perspective answers, but more fulsome answers
· For this assignment, you should read attached article.
Notes about this article: Some of the variables used in the article (e.g., neighbourhood disadvantage) use scores derived from principal component analyses. You don’t need to know how the scores were derived. Just suppose that those variables were treated as continuous variables, that scores could take negative numbers (e.g., -0.03) as well as positive numbers, and that higher numbers/scores mean higher levels of the construct that the variable tried to assess (e.g., higher neighbourhood disadvantage).
Questions
1. Authors’ first hypothesis was that: “Women are more likely to experience restless sleep than men” (page 187). Using the data presented in the article,
(1) calculate a relevant disease effect measure to examine this hypothesis (if relevant, provide a 2-by-2 table as well);
(2) interpret the disease effect measure you calculated;
(3) state the null hypothesis by starting the sentence with “The odds of…”; and
(4) describe whether you think the authors’ hypothesis was proven correct, and why you think so. (Approximate answer length: 1/2 page; 6 points)
2. Provide and explain a hypothetical scenario where selection bias may arise and would strengthen (or weaken – choose one of them) the conclusion about the relationship between gender and restless sleep that the authors found in their study.
In doing so, specify all your assumptions (you will need to make some assumptions) and describe which selection probability/ies might be affected, and how. Also, include a 2-by-2 table showing the selection probabilities and use upward/downward arrow(s) (or ) to the cell(s). You can use the following template in your answer. (Approximate answer length: 2/3 to 1 page; 6 points)
[variable category]
[variable category]
[variable category]
[variable category]
3. Focus on the crude effect measures for network social capital (see Table 2 and 3). For the sake of simplicity, assume that network social capital was a binary variable with two categories: high network capital vs. low network capital. In the second paragraph of “4.2. Social capital – restless sleep associations differ in men and women” (page 191), the authors stated that: “Yet, it may also be possible that men with high network capital are not necessarily more likely to experience restless sleep, but that they are more likely to report restless sleep.”
Based on this, (1) describe which sensitivity and/or specificity might be most likely affected, and how; and (2) explain the potential impact that this hypothetical scenario might have had on the study result (including the gender difference mentioned in the article), assuming that there was no other bias. Include relevant crude effect measures presented in Table 2 and 3 in your answer. You can include a 2-by-2 table if you like, but that is not required. (Approximate answer length: 1/2 page; 6 points)
4. Would you think gender might be considered as a confounder in the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and restless sleep? Use as much information provided in the article as possible and justify your answer by referring to the a priori criteria for confounding. Describe what the a priori criteria for confounding are as well. You don’t need to do additional literature search to answer this question. (Approximate answer length: 1/2 page; 7 points)
5. In this study, the authors concluded that gender moderated the association between neighbourhood disadvantage and restless sleep. Justify this conclusion by referring to some relevant crude effect measures presented in Table 2 and 3, and mentioning whether there was interaction. (Approximate answer length: 1/5 page; 4 points)
6. Suppose that someone replicated this study and obtained crude odds ratios for generalized trust as 0.73 (95% CI: 0.69 – 0.80) among women, and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.85 – 1.12) among men. Compare these study results with those of Bassett & Moore (2014) and describe the primary feature of this replicated study that most likely led to these study results by referring to any relevant data from the study conducted by Bassett & Moore (2014). (Approximate answer length: 1/5 pages; 3 points)
7. In “4.3. Limitations” (page 191), the authors state that: “this study used cross-sectional data and was therefore unable to establish causal relationships. In women for example, it is unclear whether decreased generalized trust causes women to experience restless sleep, or whether restless sleep decreases trust.”
(1) Which aspect of study design issues does the second sentence in this statement refers to? Also, describe what this design aspect means. (Approximate answer length: 1-2 sentences; 2 points)
(2) The MoNNET-HA study (from which the authors derived data for the present study) actually followed up their study participants at a later time point. Assume that they were able to follow up all participants with the same questionnaire exactly one year after each participant’s first study interview, and that all their study data were available to you. If you were to address the problem that the authors raised in the above statement regarding the relationship between generalized trust and restless sleep among women, how would you conduct a study? Describe which study design you would use, how you would assemble your study sample, and which measures of disease frequency and effect you would use. Justify your choices as well. (Approximate answer length: 1/3 page; 6 points)
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