Posted: December 12th, 2023

Race & Ethnicity Current Event essay

Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Race

Chapter 3

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Racism

A system of advantage and disadvantage based on race

Ideologies can make it difficult to accept that racial inequality continues

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Race

Social construction that uses certain traits to organize people into hierarchies

Traits may be physical, religious, cultural, or socioeconomic

Constructions entrenched in social structures and organizations

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Color-blind Racism

Race is irrelevant

Racial discrimination a thing of the past

Problems minorities encounter must stem from individual inadequacies

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Ethnicity

Cultural heritage

Often connected to nationality

May be associated with languages, surnames, holidays, and clothing styles

A continuum of strength from thick to thin

Symbolic ethnicity

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Minority Group

Refers to the group’s share of power and resources not size

Women are a numerical majority but lack the income and political power of men

People of color are the majority globally, but they hold minority status in the United States

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Immigration Patterns

U.S. view of immigrants has shifted based on time period and race/country of origin

Racialization: caricatures in popular media

Early immigration laws explicitly racist

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

DREAM Act

Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM)

Could have prevented deportation of 2 million foreign-born people raised in United States

Granted a 6-year period to either join the military or attend college

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Income, Wealth, and Race

Even among socioeconomically similar individuals, the U.S. White majority enjoys racial privilege in income and wealth

Tokenistic fallacy

Examples: Oprah, Barack Obama

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Tokenistic fallacy: because a few members of a minority group have achieved equality with majority counterparts, the group no longer experiences racial disadvantage

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Institutional Discrimination

Social institutions’ policies/practices that favor members of the majority group while systematically disadvantaging others

May not be racially intended

Sometimes difficult to identify

Results in “sedimentation of racial inequality”

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Jim Crow

System of racialized segregation that existed from 1865 to late 1960s.

Blacks often remained unable to:

own their own labor

testify as witnesses

obtain an equal education

vote

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

New Jim Crow (Alexander 2012)

Criminal justice system acts as the major enforcer of Jim Crow today

Keeps predominantly non-Whites at the bottom of a racial caste system

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Example: White crack users more likely to be sentenced to treatment than prison; only 25% were arrested compared to 63% of Black users (Beckett et al., 2005).

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Internalized Racism

Occurs when people of color buy into the dominant ideology and view themselves as inferior

Example: police officers of color

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Health by Race and Ethnicity

In the United States, many health outcomes are worse for racial minorities than Whites

Environmental racism

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Race and Structural Functionalism

Minorities must assimilate into the dominant culture

Poor integration harmful to social equilibrium

Segmented assimilation

Bumpy line assimilation: “thick” or “thin” ties to parents’ culture of origin

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Segmented assimilation, three types: traditional, downward, or hybrid

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Race and Conflict Theory

W. E. B. Du Bois’s double consciousness

Blacks simultaneously understand themselves as fully capable humans, and the majority group’s obscured perception of them

Similar to White privilege

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Race and Conflict Theory

Bonacich’s split labor market theory:

The (White) capitalist class divides the working class by race

Keeps workers from uniting to demand better pay and benefits

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Race and Conflict Theory

Du Bois’s psychological wage

White capitalists make White workers feel superior to non-Whites

Keeps them from realizing they do not earn much more than the workers they look down upon

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Race and Symbolic Interaction

Contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954)

The more intergroup contact, the less likely they are to be prejudiced

Contact most effective when:

People are of equal status

Contact is regular, sanctioned by an authority

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Race and Symbolic Interaction

Stereotype threat (Steele, 1995; 1997)

Occurs when minorities’ self-concepts and performance on tasks are harmed by societal stereotypes that portray them as less competent than other racial groups

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Spatial Mismatch Theory

Postindustrial jobs moved to suburbs, where poor Blacks couldn’t afford to live

Modern jobs more likely to require advanced education

Feminization of poverty

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Treviño, Investigating Social Problems, 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Color-Blind Racism

Tendency to focus on anything but race as the source of problems

Makes it increasingly difficult to address problems

Antiracism: the active struggle against racism

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