Posted: January 30th, 2022

Using Technology as a Tool to Improve Teaching and Learning Processes

Abstract
A evaluation proposal setting out a deliberate analysis concerned with utilizing ICT in coaching, and looking notably at how ICT could be utilized to make educating the classics of English literature additional associated to as we converse’s kids. An introduction appears to be on the background for the analysis, and its rationale, whereas subsequent sections set out the proposed methodology intimately.
1. Introduction / Background to Look at

This analysis is motivated by the need to uncover the right strategies to make English literature associated to adolescents as we converse. In any case, in an effort to coach dusty, earlier 19th Century novels or Shakespeare and even modern-day novels to groups of children/kids which is perhaps used to the language of the iPhone and the Xbox represents an issue to most English teachers. Nonetheless, it’s also said to characterize a chance to guarantee that these equivalent English texts are launched alive in a roundabout manner, displaying how they proceed to be associated to youthful of us as we converse.Youthful individuals are generally large-scale producers of digital communications (Lewis and Moje 2009), and the phenomenon of texting means they’re extra more likely to write higher than adolescents of 20 years prior to now. As such, an exploration of conventional texts is arguably notably associated to their experiences.
The analysis could be educated by the perform at current carried out by ICT in educating. The objective of this part of the duty is to know how the unfold of ICT can revenue coaching strategies worldwide along with the students being taught. It ought to moreover take a look at whether or not or not and the best way ICT can impact the outcomes of coaching with a world divided between the digital natives (people who have grown up after the unfold of digital know-how) and the digital immigrants (people who have wanted to find methods to make use of new ICT skills) (Lankshear and Knobel 2007). Nonetheless, previous this debate is a related debate: whether or not or not there are any benefits to using know-how (and notably ICT) throughout the classroom. Inside the stylish schoolroom the division is such that there are events when digital immigrants are educating the digital natives using latest utilized sciences with which the latter are usually additional acquainted. There is a related question which this brings up: is ICT always be useful to school college students, or can it is relied upon an extreme quantity of.
There are many matters by which ICT has a specific place. Maths and science-based matters seem to study from the interactivity that ICT can provide notably in the case of how Powerpoint and interactive whiteboards could be utilized for the benefit of faculty college students. Pitler (2009) signifies that utilizing know-how contained in the classroom can enhance ‘pupil finding out, understanding and achievement’ when utilized successfully (Pitler: 2009: three). Nonetheless, some critics phrase that know-how could be relied upon an extreme quantity of.Part of the issue that teachers and educationalists face with know-how’s use in coaching is that not enough is known regarding the know-how used inside coaching sooner than it is utilised (Trucano: 2008). Solely afterwards are the educational implications really considered. With every of these views in ideas it is perhaps argued that the trainer is ready to keep in mind utilizing quite a few packages or capabilities referring to their ‘appropriateness to finding out targets’ (Evans et al: 2009: 183) and whether or not or not they really want ICT to boost the tutorial of their school college students. There’s moreover a question of whether or not or not ICT is appropriate to all matters. Whereas it is extensively accepted contained in the UK that it has a job in all matters, allowing pupils to offer well-presented work, as an illustration (Capel 2005), there’s perhaps an argument to be made that it must play a smaller perform in matters along with English.
One different associated stage is raised by a evaluation by Connolly and Ward (2008) entitled ‘Enable them to Eat Shakespeare’. On this analysis, they strove to question the inserting of English Literature educating and its itemizing of prescribed authors in a 21st Century setting full of ever-advancing utilized sciences and altering ideologies. They stage out that there are cultural, social and political forces in play which indicate that the Nationwide Curriculum shows a set of picks made by these in power referring to what must and should not be acceptable to examine, and likewise implies that “proscribed authors are a drive that acts in the direction of every democracy and the occasion of important citizenship” (Connolly and Ward 2008, p. 21-22). Must numerous the authors at current taught be rejected not as a consequence of factors about making them associated, nonetheless because of they mirror an unquestioned prepare in power and political administration Perhaps, they counsel, a significant angle in path of dominant texts is what must be fostered?
On this context, the current analysis has been designed to research whether or not or not, by ingenious use of current digital utilized sciences, ICT can have a spot on the very coronary coronary heart of the English curriculum and help make conventional works of literature associated to school college students as we converse.It moreover addresses the question of why such conventional works could also be associated to school college students, and subsequently why they should type part of the curriculum.
It is felt that this analysis can add to the physique of knowledge already on the market. As technological modifications occur at a quick cost, instructional evaluation have to be current in an effort to protect up-to-date with new forms of know-how, advances in ICT and new educating approaches. On this context, it seems clear that additional tutorial evaluation have to be carried out. Notably, it seems to be the case that teachers on the entire have an rising downside in enabling their school college students to check. This actuality seems to be consolidated by findings from Truscano (2008) and NATE (Nationwide Affiliation for the Instructing of English) in 2011 which mentioned that English as a self-discipline has an ‘additional obligation to teach….throughout the important analysis of media and digital texts’ (NATE: 2011: www.nate.org.uk [onine]). It is attention-grabbing to note that NATE (2011) emphasised the phrase ‘important’ when discussing educating school college students referring to digital texts. Due to this teachers (and notably English teachers) look like given the obligation of enabling school college students to have the aptitude to suppose critically regarding the ICT they use along with the texts that they study. Together with the targets outlined above, this analysis could even deal with how teachers might also assist school college students take a additional important perspective on every the ICT they use and the texts they study.
2. Ethics Tips
Does your evaluation include human participantsYES
Does your evaluation include accessing personal, delicate or confidential dataYES
Does your evaluation include ‘associated supplies’ as outlined by the Human Tissue Act (2004)NO
Does your evaluation include members who’re 16 years and over who lack functionality to consent and subsequently fall beneath the Psychological Functionality Act (2005)NO
Will the analysis include NHS victims, staff or premises or Social Suppliers prospects, staff or premisesNO
three. Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework for this analysis is perhaps expressed as a sequence of related questions, beneath. Each conjures up further questions and / or options
Is it important to make classics associated to kids as we converse?
Positive: kids as we converse write higher than sooner than
No:
Debatable: ‘classics’ are determined by wider political and cultural power relationships. Need foster questioning angle
How can we biggest make the classics associated to kids as we converse?
What’s restricted about current situation – IT / Digital Utilized sciences
Use of iPhone / Xbox / texting / personal computing
What is the Current nature of ICT educating in schools?
Must all matters embrace ICT equally
What devices are at current used inside English classroom
What’s current use of film / video know-how
Can greater / additional ingenious use be product of film / video know-how to facilitate pupil’s engagement with key texts
4. Evaluation Methodology
The analysis proposed makes use of a combination of quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods, with a highlight upon qualitative methods. Qualitative evaluation focuses upon small scale assortment of information, looking at one or two specific incidences. It is primarily concerned with textual responses. It contrasts with quantitative analysis, which can be generally larger scale and purchase data in numeric type. Quantitative analysis primarily observe a scientific model of actuality and data by which a testable hypothesis is generated earlier to data assortment. Qualitative data, whereas lacking the statistical vigour of quantitative analysis, can provide notion into the richness of experience (Babbie 2010). The researcher has elected to utilize mixed methods in an effort to grab the fullness of the world beneath analysis. It is a versatile technique that permits the researcher to assemble upon findings as they emerge, and which could incorporate reliability with detailed analysis of participant experiences (Hesse-Biber and Leavy 2010).
The analysis moreover makes use of the strategy of triangulation. Primarily, triangulation is used to guarantee that the researcher is able to use on the very least three varieties of information (subsequently, triangulation) to each once more up, complement or oppose completely different data that has been gathered. In some methods it’s form of a three-part jigsaw puzzle the place when every bit of it is put in place then the picture is full. Nonetheless, Flick (2009) signifies that triangulation would not always have to be used in every context and that there are a selection of questions that must be requested by the researcher sooner than it is (Flick: 2009: 446-447). These embrace the identical outdated issues with worth and time along with suitability to the topic being studied and approved factors (Flick: 2009: 447).Flick (2009) moreover signifies that the usual of the triangulation getting used would must be questioned and immediate numerous strategies to do this. Actually one among these methods of top of the range administration was to do with the researcher with the flexibility to ‘combine’ methods efficiently and asking regarding the ‘relevance’ that each single methodology had throughout the evaluation: as an illustration do the methods each deal with completely completely different ranges associated to the subject In numerous phrases, the researcher should ask him/herself whether or not or not the triangulation serves its goal and the best way. It was felt that this technique, no matter bigger time and cash costs, was justified on this event in an effort to understand all components of the situation considered: the strategies by which a film / video intervention could also be used to make conventional works of literature additional associated. The thought behind utilizing triangulation of research methods that shall be employed inside this evaluation endeavor is subsequently to determine a relationship between the evaluation methodologies that might be employed and to mix their outcomes proper right into a cohesive full. The outcomes of the questionnaires, the data obtained from the interviews along with the data obtained from observations shall be taken collectively and analysed to see within the occasion that they help each other, and in what areas (if any) they seem to offer contradictory outcomes.
5. Information Assortment Devices
The analysis will take a look at two groups of students in 12 months 10. This does elevate a problem about sample dimension. If the sample of people questioned or observed is just too large then there’s an extreme quantity of proof for the researcher to deal with and the data turns into too unwieldy to calculate exactly given the restricted sources on the market to the present researcher. Nonetheless, if the evaluation sample is just too small then the researcher would not have enough data to go on (Jacobsen 2011). On this case, the sample used moreover have to be guide of an even bigger group of pupils and has to reflect the social actuality of the faculty by which the endeavor is going on along with its surrounding area. Because of this truth, to make sure that the data to be actually official it ideally will need to have a cross-section of pupils from all abilities and ethnicities.Whereas these constraints would perhaps dictate a novel technique in an incredible situation with out constraints of time, entry or money, on this situation the researcher was restricted to tutorial groups to which she would possibly merely obtain entry.
For this analysis, the principle focus shall be on two Yr 10 English Literature programs who’re finding out ‘Macbeth’ as part of their GCSE coursework. Two interventions had been designed as part of the analysis. Each of two groups, as part of the endeavor, shall be analyzing the scene the place the Witches meet Macbeth and Banquo (Act 1 Scene three). Firstly, every groups shall be given a scene on a handout with questions on it relating to the scene and the best way it pertains to the play as an entire, which they work on in pairs.Completely completely different film clips of the scene from completely completely different variations of Macbeth shall be confirmed to them on YouTube. The students will then be given the obligation of answering questions on these clips. The questions will cowl various areas along with digicam angles, specific outcomes and character positioning, and the best way these can add which implies to the play. In a single different session, the pupils shall be using the equivalent act and scene of the play and performing it out throughout the sports activities actions hall.These lessons, and the experiences of worrying in them, can be the subject of the data collected all through this analysis. The rationale behind the two completely completely different interventions is to guarantee that all finding out sorts (seen, auditory and kinaesthetic) are catered for over the two groups.
One in all many groups (Group 1) could even be given their very personal laptops and their very personal wiki with which they may speak about completely completely different components of the play and this scene notably whereas the second group (Group 2) will not be given any additional use of ICT in an effort to acquire the aim of re-enacting their very personal mannequin of the scene. Group 2 will subsequently carry out as a administration group to guage the extent to which these additional devices facilitate finding out.
Three forms of methodology shall be used to assemble data: questionnaire, face-to-face interview, and ethnographic comment. These shall be talked about in bigger component beneath. For all of these evaluation methodologies there are every advantages and disadvantages in a tutorial setting notably if the researcher moreover teaches.
Questionnaires shall be given out on the end of the lessons with the pupils and shall be given to every groups. The questionnaires will comprise a mix of open, closed and Likert scale questions which might make certain that the outcomes embrace every quantitative and qualitative data. Open questions are one the place the respondent can particular their primary concepts on a subject, as an illustration “what did you uncover good about which have”. There are not any immediate options, comparatively respondents must be impressed to state all of the issues that includes ideas on the topic. In distinction, closed questions provide a set reply itemizing, from which respondents can chosen numerous options.This allows easy analysis of the data, although can limit the depth of the response. Likert scales are a specific form of closed question by which options from a sequential scale, perhaps from “I agree strongly” by “I neither agree nor disagree” to “I disagree strongly” (Bryman and Bell 2007). The design of the questionnaire for this analysis, along with quite a few question varieties, is supposed to elicit a wide range of data, and make the strategy of triangulation easier, as outcomes is perhaps checked in the direction of each other (McNiff and Whitehead: 2009: 179).The questions throughout the questionnaire will ask school college students about their perceptions of the utilized sciences utilized in lecture rooms, as an illustration the extent to which they felt their finding out was improved by specific individual utilized sciences.A pilot questionnaire shall be used to guarantee that the questions included are basically essentially the most acceptable, are easy to ask, and is perhaps merely understood, and will improve the questionnaire in several strategies (Cohen et al 2007).
It was felt that questionnaires provide advantages throughout the setting studied. They’re, that is, comparatively easy to distribute and, in the event that they’re administered precisely, are moreover unobtrusive. They should moreover take comparatively little time for the members to fill in. The profit moreover with using questionnaires with school college students is that they’re typically built-in into the lesson that they are doing. The teacher is able to hand them out, assure they’re crammed in, and purchase them with out an extreme quantity of concern.Nonetheless, the researcher is aware that there are moreover disadvantages with questionnaires inside the educational setting. The educational researcher has to ensure that the questionnaires are anonymous or school college students ought to on the very least be given the choice to supply their title or not, in an effort to current enough confidentiality. School college students could also be reluctant to supply their concepts within the occasion that they actually really feel they’re extra more likely to be held accountable for his or her reactions. Questionnaires are moreover restricted throughout the varieties of information which may be gathered. The range of sorts of questions have to be diversified in an effort to ensure that there is breadth of information every qualitative and quantitative. In order to make certain that ethical issues on this evaluation are fulfilled, every the highest teacher and the Head of College shall be confirmed the questionnaires and the evaluation proposal so that they’re educated exactly what the endeavor is all about. A declaration could even be drafted to accompany the questionnaire, to inform the students who fill it in of the confidentiality of the data they provide, of their rights to withdraw from the analysis at any time, and giving an abstract of the intention of the analysis.
Together with the questionnaires, the analysis could even purchase face-to-face interviews with the students, about their perceptions of what they’ve found. As soon as extra, these interviews may very well be primarily based spherical perceptions that Yr 10 school college students have referring to ICT use throughout the classroom. These interviews would use largely open questions and may very well be semi-formal in an effort to supply a additional conducive atmosphere. Face-to-face methods have some advantages, as an illustration they allow the researcher to help the respondent greater understand the question (with out predominant the respondent in a specific course), and to allow them to generate fuller responses as a result of the interviewer may make use of methods of probing (Cohen et al 2007).Semi-structured interviews have advantages when utilized in a tutorial setting as they are often utilized as part of the duty or lesson. Moreover they provide additional scope for the gathering of additional detailed and richer responses. As Burns (2009) suggests:
The objective of a semi-structured interview is to will let you make some type of comparability all through your members’ responses, however moreover to allow for specific individual vary and adaptableness (Burns: 2009: 75).
They’re going to moreover enable the interviewee to be additional relaxed and at dwelling with the interviewing course of thus enabling additional knowledge to maneuver (Burns 2009).
Then once more, one disadvantage with the semi-structured interview is the thought of interviewer interference. That’s the idea that the person doing the interviewing would hypothetically be throughout the place of affecting the top results of the interview by asking predominant questions that, each by likelihood or intentionally, lead the interviewee into answering the question in a positive method.Bell and Opie (2002) as cited in Bell (2005) state that that is often a method of ‘overweighting’ the evaluation to go properly with the interviewer’s bias and would subsequently distort the figures produced. Bell (2005) goes on to say that researchers must be ‘intelligent and vigilant, important of our interpretation of the data, repeatedly question our observe and….triangulate’ (Bell: 2005: 167). One of these reflective observe has its place every for teachers and for researchers.
Together with the interviews with the students, an additional 30 semi-structured, face-to-face interviews could even be carried out amongst teachers, looking at their relationship with the know-how they use. These interviews will typically occur contained in the classroom and shall be pre-appointed to cater for his or her busy day-after-day schedule. Prior approval could even be obtained from the highest teacher for these interviews and she or he could even be interviewed herself on the equivalent topic. Her semi-structured interview is also worded differently as she is immediately involved with how ICT is utilised inside her college.
Lastly the analysis could even embrace ethnographic observations of students inside their finding out setting, to see how they and the trainer work along with ICT (notably in distinction with ‘digital immigrant’ teachers). The intention of ethnographic comment is to observe from an insider’s viewpoint (Bell: 2005: 17). On this case, observations shall be carried out over a 2 week interval, and the researcher will observe throughout the classroom situation how pupils from completely completely different programs and from completely completely different backgrounds work along with the trainer and regardless of digital finding out and educating aids they may use.The researcher will incorporate methods from movement evaluation, much like interacting with the themes beneath analysis (Greenwood 1999), in an effort to make their presence seem additional ‘pure’ and accepted by the students. Along with this, the teachings that shall be taught as part of the endeavor will give the researcher the possibility to observe how the students work along with the know-how.
By means of tutorial evaluation, this form of technique contains contact with, and shut comment of, the pupils which is perhaps being observed. It has many advantages: as an illustration it permits the researcher to share views with the oldsters studied, in a method which is not allowed by completely different means. The researcher is prepared “to know greater why they act in the best way during which that they do and to see points as these involved see points” (Bell: 2005:17). Nonetheless, Bell (2005) along with completely different critics, moreover cite various disadvantages with ethnographic comment much like time factors. One main downside with ethnographic comment is the issue of representativeness. That is, to what extent can the findings in small-scale analysis of this type be generalised and allow additional wide-sweeping conclusionsIn this case, what is also typical of that precise group being studied won’t be typical of 1 different group inside the college. So the validity of this endeavor could also be known as into question, because of the observed behaviour or views collected won’t be typical of all the college. I objective to beat this drawback by along with completely different varieties of research, and by setting the analysis throughout the context of the literature overview, which might draw upon findings from completely different analysis.
6. Proposed Schedule
JanFebMarAprilMayJuneJuly
Evaluation Design
Planning
Literature Evaluation
Information Assortment
Information Analysis
Dissertation Draft
Closing Dissertation
Evaluation design – – – – Planning – – – – Literature overview – – – – Information assortment – – – – – Information analysis – – – – – Dissertation manufacturing Draft – – – Closing – – – –
7. References
Babbie, E R (2010) The Comply with of Social Evaluation (12th edn.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA
Bryman, A and Bell, E (2007) Enterprise evaluation methods (2nd edn), Oxford School Press, Oxon.
Burns, A (2009), Doing Movement Evaluation in English Language Instructing: A Info for Practitioners, Routledge, Abingdon
Capel, S A (2005) Learning to point out matters throughout the secondary college (4th edn), Taylor and Francis, UK
Cohen, L, Manion, L and Morrison, Okay (2007) Evaluation methods in coaching (6h edn.), Routledge, UK
Evans, C, Midgley, A, Rigby, P, Warham, L and Woolnough, P,(2009), Instructing English, SAGE Publications, London
Flick, U (2009), An Introduction to Qualitative Evaluation (4th edn.), SAGE Publications, London
Greenwood, D J (1999) Movement evaluation: from observe to writing in a world movement evaluation enchancment program, John Benjamins Publishing Agency, Amsterdam.
Hesse-Biber, S N and Leavy, P (2010) Handbook of Emergent Methods, Guilford Press, USA
Jaconsen, A (2011) Introduction to properly being evaluation methods: a smart info, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA
Lankshear, C and Knobel, M (2006), New Literacies: Frequently practices and classroom finding out, Open School Press, Maidenhead, UK
Lewis, J and Moje, E B (2009) Essential questions in adolescent literacy: teachers and researchers describe what works in lecture rooms, Guilford Press, USA
Pitler, H (2007), Using Experience with Classroom Instruction that Works, MidContinent Evaluation for Coaching and Learning, Denver Colorado USA
NATE (2011), ‘ICT and the educating of English: Nationwide Curriculum Evaluation 2011’, [online] on the market at: NATE, London www.nate.org.uk/index.php?net web page=62 [accessed 20th January 2012)
Truscano, M (2008), Info Maps: ICTs in Coaching, Infodev, Washington DC, USA
Ward, S and Connolly, R, (2008), ‘Enable them to Eat Shakespeare’, The Curriculum Journal, 19:4.

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