Posted: October 6th, 2022

Integrating human rights approaches into public health practices

Integrating human rights approaches into public well being practices

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Open Entry

Integrating human rights approaches into public well being practices and insurance policies to handle well being wants amongst Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: a scientific evaluate and meta-ethnographic evaluation Nidhi Wali1*, Wen Chen2, Lal B. Rawal3, A. S. M. Amanullah4 and Andre M. N. Renzaho5

Summary

Background: The Rohingya individuals of Myanmar are one of the persecuted communities on the planet and are compelled to flee their house to flee battle and persecution. Bangladesh receives the vast majority of the Rohingya refugees. On arrival they expertise various human rights points and the extent to which human rights approaches are used to tell public well being applications is just not effectively documented. The purpose of this systematic evaluate was to doc human rights- human rights-related well being points and to develop a conceptual human rights framework to tell present coverage observe and programming in relation to the wants of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

Strategies: This systematic evaluate was carried out utilizing the 2015 Most popular Reporting Gadgets for Systematic evaluations and Meta-Evaluation tips. Eight computerized databases had been searched: Educational Search full, Embase, CINAHL, JStor, Pubmed, Scopus, SocIndex, and Proquest Central together with gray literature and Google Scholar. Of a complete of 752 articles retrieved from the eight databases and 17 research from gray literature, 31 research met our inclusion standards.

Outcomes: Utilizing meta-ethnographic synthesis, we developed a mannequin that helps perceive the linkages of varied human rights and human rights-related well being problems with Rohingya refugees. The mannequin highlights how inadequate structural elements, poor dwelling circumstances, restricted mobility, and lack of working rights for prolonged intervals of time collectively contribute to poor well being outcomes of Rohingya refugees.

Conclusion: This evaluate supplies a human-rights strategy to border actions each at program and coverage stage in a sustained technique to deal with the well being wants of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Such coverage actions will deal with discovering long run options for integrating the Rohingya inhabitants whereas addressing their rapid rights situation.

Trial registration: This systematic evaluate has not been registered.

Key phrases: Bangladesh, Well being, Human rights, Rohingya, Refugees, Refugee camps, Statelessness

• Correspondence: [email protected] 1Humanitarian and Improvement Analysis Initiative, Faculty of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney College, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia Full listing of creator info is offered on the finish of the article

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Wali et al. Archives of Public Well being (2018) 76:59 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-018-0305-1

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Introduction The worldwide refugee disaster has led to a pointy enhance within the variety of forcibly displaced inhabitants from 59.5 million in 2014 to 65.6 million in 2016 [1, 2]. Moreover, United Nations Excessive Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) esti- mates that at the least 10 million individuals had been stateless or at a danger of statelessness in 2016 [2]. Whereas the time period “refugee” is used to explain any individual unable or unwilling to return to their house nation attributable to a well-founded worry of being persecuted [3], a stateless individual is somebody who is just not thought-about as a nationwide by any state beneath the operation of its regulation [4]. Accessing primary rights corresponding to healthcare, em- ployment, schooling and freedom of motion is usually im- doable for stateless individuals. Lack, denial or lack of nationality underlies the exclusion of affected people from membership locally, to the purpose of insti- gating discrimination and oppression in sure instances. [2, 4] The Rohingya individuals of Myanmar are one of many lar-

gest teams of stateless refugees on the planet [5] ac- counting to 1 in seven of the worldwide inhabitants of stateless individuals [6]. Majority of the Rohingya persons are not thought-about to be residents by the Myanmar Govern- ment, which argues that Rohingya persons are initially from Bangladesh [7, 8]. With a view to keep away from battle and persecution, Rohingya refugees have been fleeing Myanmar in massive numbers to close by international locations, primar- ily Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand. Bangladesh has been the popular vacation spot for Rohingya refugees as a result of shut proximity and matching faith [9]. Since 1948, Bangladesh has hosted a majority of Rohingya ref- ugees as they got here to Bangladesh in three main in- fluxes in 1977–78, 1992 and 2016–17 [10, 11]. Initially the Authorities of Bangladesh (GoB) positively obtained the Rohingya refugees and supplied enough assist together with aid, short-term shelters, meals, medical care, and sanitation. Nevertheless, after 1992 inflow of over 250,000 refugees, the GoB tried a big scale repat- riation of Rohingya refugees again to Myanmar. Since this repatriation was not totally voluntary, most of the repatriate Rohingya refugees returned again to Bangladesh inside a decade publish repatriation [5, 12]. Consequently, Rohingya refugees coming into Bangladesh

after 1992 weren’t formally acknowledged as refugees by the GoB and regardless of the repeated inflow of Rohingya ref- ugees coming into Bangladesh solely round 33,000 Rohingya are recognised as official registered refugees and reside in two official UNHCR-led official camps in Cox Bazaar district [13]. Whereas greater than 200,000 unregistered refu- gees dwelling in unofficial makeshift camps [13]. Addition- ally, current enhance in violence in Myanmar has triggered massive numbers of Rohingya refugees to cross the border to Bangladesh, making the entire variety of new arrivals to 620,000 in November 2017 [11], most of whom are undocumented refugees.

With greater than twenty years of steady camp settle- ments, the present Rohingya refugee scenario in Bangladesh has turn out to be one of the protracted on the planet [9]. Bangladesh is just not a signatory to the 1951 Refu- gee Conference or its 1967 Protocol and neither is it occasion to the 1954 and 1961 Conference on Statelessness [5]. The poor socioeconomic situation in Bangladesh with poverty, over inhabitants and susceptibility to pure di- sasters and local weather change additional complicates discovering a sturdy answer for the Rohingya refugees within the area [14, 15]. The main target of program and coverage has been to pro- vide quick time period aid help with an absence of emphasis on discovering long run options to make sure safety and integration of Rohingya refugees. Whereas UNHCR and different humanitarian actors are capable of entry and help solely 10% of the estimated Rohingya refugee inhabitants, these residing within the makeshift settlements or dwelling as un- documented refugees dwell in emergency-like circumstances and have been recognized as ‘individuals of concern’ by the UNHCR [5]. Whether or not dwelling in makeshift settlement or registered camps or in area people areas, the Rohin- gya refugees have been disadvantaged of their primary human rights of healthcare, employment, schooling and freedom of motion. They’ve been topic to depressing dwelling circumstances marked by publicity to violence, native hostility, and numerous types of discrimination [9]. These circumstances have additionally necessary public well being implications for the Rohingya refugees, the place the World Well being Organisation (WHO) has graded the current well being scenario in Cox Bazaar at stage three i.e. the best doable emergency situation [16]. Regardless of these challenges, there’s restricted understand-

ing of the complicated interaction of human rights points and well being outcomes and an absence of an applicable human rights framework to tell public well being interventions. This research goals to comprehensively doc and re- view human rights-related well being problems with Rohingya ref- ugees dwelling in Bangladesh. Thus it makes an attempt to develop a human rights framework that may function a great tool for program and coverage for improved well being outcomes.

Strategies Search technique For the aim of this research, well being is outlined as the general well-being [17]. Article 23 of UNHCR’s 1951 Conference, mandates that refugees are to have guaran- teed entry to public aid providers, together with well being, on par with host nation residents [18]. Conceptualised ac- cording to the 2015 Most popular Reporting Gadgets for Sys- tematic evaluations and Meta-Evaluation tips [19], this systematic evaluate thought-about each peer reviewed and gray literature [20, 21]; and included a mixture of blended strategies, qualitative and quantitative. A listing of related textual content phrases and/or corresponding managed

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vocabulary in response to every database was generated and used to comprehensively search eight computerized bibliographic databases: Educational Search full, Embase, CINAHL, JStor, Medline, Scopus, SocIndex, and Proquest Central. The next mixture of topic headings and key phrases had been used: Equal proper* [MeSH/Subject Heading] OR Well being OR

Human proper OR Human proper violation* OR exploit- ation of human* OR human trafficking. AND Refugee*[MeSH/Subject Heading] OR Rohingya ladies

OR Rohingya refugee OR Burmese refugee* OR Rohingya Muslim. AND Bangladesh* [MeSH/Subject Heading] OR Bangladesh

area* OR Bangladesh refugee camp*. Moreover, key phrases had been used for looking gray

literature in key organisations web sites, together with of Ain o Salish Kendra (ASK)- A Authorized support and Human Rights Organisation, Amnesty Worldwide, Asian Human Rights Fee, Bangladeshi Pink Crescent Society- Worldwide Committee of the Pink Cross (ICRC), Meals and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Human Rights Watch, Worldwide Organisation of Migration (IOM), Inside Displacement Monitoring Centre, United Nations organisations in- cluding United Nations Excessive Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and United Nations Youngsters’s Fund (UNICEF), and World Meals Program [22]. Google scholar was searched to incorporate any missed articles and reviews. Reference lists of all paperwork had been additional scanned for any related articles and reviews.

Inclusion and exclusion standards Included on this paper had been peer-reviewed papers, reviews, working papers, and theses or dissertations printed in English between 1960 to July 2017; that centered on well being and human rights problems with Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Editorials, opinion items, books and guide re- views and papers printed in a language apart from Eng- lish weren’t included. Because the scope of this analysis is restricted to the Rohingya refugees dwelling in Bangladesh, re- ports and articles exterior this scope had been equally ex- cluded. The research didn’t try a multi nation evaluate that features the opposite receiving international locations corresponding to Malaysia and Thailand attributable to dissimilarities in states’ pol- icies which have different in numerous time frames [23]. We set 1960 because the baseline 12 months as a result of after the navy coup in Myanmar in 1962 the Rohingya refugees began migrating in Bangladesh to flee persecution and human rights violations. They had been compelled to go away Myanmar, then Burma, to hunt safety in neighbouring nations of Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand [24, 25].

Examine choice course of The researchers adopted a 3 staged screening ap- proach to look at the research eligibility for inclusion. Research had been screened by title to get rid of any duplicates adopted by screening of titles to take away any clearly irrelevant research adopted by screening of abstracts to substantiate eligibility and relevance. Examine choice course of is summarised in Fig. 1. A complete of 752 articles had been re- trieved from eight databases. After removing of dupli- cates, 734 articles had been retained. A screening of titles resulted in exclusion of 662 articles. The summary of the remaining 72 articles had been learn and screened which led to exclusion of 53 articles. The complete texts for the remaining 19 articles had been reviewed: seven articles had been additional excluded and 12 articles had been deemed eligible for ultimate inclusion of which 9 had been peer reviewed articles and three had been reviews. Moreover, gray literature search together with screening of organisation web sites and google scholar supplied one other 17 reviews. Full textual content screening of the reviews led to the exclusion of 5 re- ports. A guide search of the bibliographic references of all of the retained articles and reviews recognized an add- itional six reviews and one article, thereby a complete of 10 articles and 21 reviews had been included for ultimate evaluate. The ultimate outcomes had been in contrast to make sure that a con-

sistent strategy was taken to evaluating the literature based mostly choice standards. In instances of discrepancy, consen- sus was agreed by means of dialogue by two researchers (NW and WC) and the place crucial, reviewed by the third researcher (AR).

Information extraction and synthesis Two researchers (NW and WC) independently extracted information into their endnote libraries. Information extraction was completed utilizing a piloted kind. The information extracted included: research particulars (corresponding to creator’s title, 12 months of publication, research design, intervention), research goals and targets, research traits (together with pattern setting, popula- tion). Gray literature was extracted utilizing comparable particulars, by the first researcher (NW) and subsequently reviewed by two researchers (NW and WC).

High quality evaluation Two researchers (NW and WC) independently assessed the standard of included research to minimise errors whereas sustaining consistency [26]. The methodological qual- ity for qualitative research was evaluated utilizing the Essential Appraisal Expertise Programme (CASP) standards device [27]. The CASP device is often used for high quality appraisal of qualitative research [28–30]. The included qualitative research had been rated on a ten level standards, together with research goals, methodology, design, recruitment technique, information assortment, reflexivity, moral points, information evaluation rigour, clear assertion of findings and analysis worth.

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The Strengthening the reporting of observational research in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines was used as a information to evaluate the standard of the quantitative research reviewed [31]. The guidelines consists of 22 gadgets, after the preliminary evaluation of all reviewed research based mostly on the 22 STROBE gadgets, the gadgets had been additional collapsed into 7 quality-appraisal standards: pattern dimension, sampling method- ology, responses price, consequence measures, statistical ana- lyses, research limitation and moral consideration. Combined strategies research had been assessed based mostly on the MMAT (blended strategies appraisal device) by Pluye and colleagues [32], utilizing a 3 level standards of goal, information collec- tion and outcomes. Though MMAT is new and beneath de- velopment it has substantive theoretical validity, is content material validated and has been examined for effectivity and reliability [33, 34]. Gray literature was appraised with the AACODS device that appears at authority, accuracy,

protection, objectivity, date and significance [35]. This device is being extensively recognised by academicians and re- searchers for appraisal of gray literature. The first re- searcher (NW) learn the total textual content of eligible research and rated every research based mostly on the standard standards. The sec- ondary researcher (WC) rated a random pattern of 13 research of 31 research. The scores given by the 2 re- searchers had been in contrast and any issues and discrep- ancies had been resolved with dialogue amongst the 2 researchers (NW and WC) and unresolved discrepancies had been independently reviewed by the third researcher (AR).

Evaluation Because of the heterogeneity of the included quantitative research by way of design, settings, and targets, a meta-ethnographic strategy was adopted to synthesise

Fig. 1 Examine choice course of

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the qualitative information, which was complemented by a de- scriptive narration of findings for the quantitative research [36]. The meta-ethnographic strategy allowed the ana- lysis to develop a line of analysis argument synthesis by systematic translation and comparability between research. The road-of-argument syntheses allows to create new fashions, theories, or understanding slightly than a de- scription of the synthesised papers [36]. All research had been included within the synthesis, the place findings from the quali- tative research had been juxtaposed with these of quantitative research as a part of the triangulation course of. The meta-ethnographic strategy concerned 4 phases:

Figuring out metaphors and themes The research had been learn and re-read to realize familiarity with the information and establish themes and patterns in every research. The information had been extracted from every of the research verbatim to make sure to not lose any necessary information. This was validated by revisiting the goals of the research. This course of additional facilitated in figuring out the themes and sub-themes for every research, which had been often discovered within the outcomes part of the research.

Figuring out how the research are associated The thematic evaluation for all research was in comparison with decide how they’re associated. Though they had been

numerous research (n = 31) the findings of research had commonalities that contributed in figuring out com- mon classes of how the research are associated. For ex- ample, structural elements, political and financial elements, social elements, well being and well-being and so forth.

Reciprocal translation of research We in contrast the themes and sub-themes of 1 research to that of one other research and so forth throughout all research. Transla- tion entails comparability and matching of themes throughout papers to make sure that the important thing themes throughout research are captured. This additionally ensured to cut back and streamline the themes whereas figuring out them with every of the classes as talked about within the above step. The first researcher (NW) undertook these steps with common session with the opposite authors (WC and AR).

Synthesizing translations The method of translation between research was adopted by new interpretation of knowledge and creating a line of ar- gument. The group shaped the road of argument and pro- duced a mannequin (Fig. 2) with the outline of findings.

Outcomes A complete of 10 articles and 21 reviews had been included for the ultimate evaluate, as proven in Fig. 1. A lot of the research

Fig. 2 Description of findings

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included had been qualitative. Nevertheless, research figuring out well being problems with Rohingya refugees had been predominantly quantitative and contributed positively to the general find- ings. It’s helpful to spotlight that main research within the re- view are these carried out within the official refugee camps. The camps referred to within the findings are these official camps and extra findings from unofficial or makeshift camps are clearly recognized in any other case see Tables 1 and a couple of. Findings point out mixture of underlying

and rapid human rights points at macro and meso ranges respectively interacted to negatively have an effect on the well being of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Human rights-related well being points had been recognized at three dif- ferent ranges: underlying human rights points (societal stage), rapid human rights points, (family/com- munity stage), and well being outcomes (particular person stage).

Underlying human rights points: Societal stage The underlying human rights points had been primarily struc- tural elements, together with authorized and administrative obstacles, points associated to safety and security, and restriction of support. Certainly, Bangladesh is just not a signatory of the Conven- tion and Protocol regarding the Standing of Refugees, 1951 [5], and has no authorized obligation to guard or safeguard the refugees and asylum throughout the nation. The absence of a nationwide refugee and asylum seekers authorized and administra- tive framework implies that Rohingya refugees are uncovered to critical safety dangers with restricted alternatives. Our findings recommend that Rohingya refugees skilled

violence and abuse perpetrated at numerous ranges, throughout the official camps and out of doors the camps [5, 37–41]. Violence and abuse have been perpetrated by

� The camp administration, police, and refugee block leaders, mahjee: as illustrated by a feminine refugee, ‘I’ve reported [my problem] 5 instances to the UNHCR. In my eyes, the UNHCR and the mahjee [block leader] and the police are the identical’, [42].

� Employers and area people exterior the camp, as a feminine refugee summed it up: ‘He requested me to deliver tea to his bed room. I felt very uncomfortable however once more I had no alternative. So I ready the tea and went to the bed room. The proprietor then abruptly locked the room … and I attempted to run away, however he grabbed me onerous. At first I attempted to shout and combat, however then I realised that I’d lose my job. So I gave up the combat and reluctantly let him do what he needed. I used to be not capable of share this story with anybody as a result of I’d not solely lose my job, but in addition be socially stigmatised.’ [24].

Moreover, the camps witnessed elevated female- headed households attributable to abandonment by husbands and household separation attributable to displacement rising

their vulnerabilities [43, 44]. A single mom of eight famous: ‘When my husband handed away, every thing turned darkish. My foremost concern was about my kids. The restricted quantity of ration was not enough for my household’s survival. I began looking for work. Being a girl in a brand new land and setting, it was very chal- lenging in each side’ [24]. Our findings recommend that the GoB didn’t want to im-

show the dwelling circumstances and supply security to the ref- ugees. In 2016, the GoB put restrictions on the help distributed to newly arrived refugees as a result of it argued that support distribution would result in a rise within the inflow of newly-arrived refugees [43, 45]. It famous: “Distribution of aid among the many refugees will encourage extra Rohingyas to enter the nation” [43]. One other im- portant structural issue that violated the rights of Rohingya refugees is compelled repatriation. For instance, in 1992 and 1998 the GoB deliberate a repatriation drive for the return of refugees to Myanmar. The repatriation was not voluntary and beatings and different bodily abuse by camp administration and GoB had been frequent to influence refugees to voluntarily depart [5, 6, 38, 40–42, 46–50]. In accordance with a MSF survey, 63% of refugees re- patriated throughout the 1990s beneath the voluntary repatriation drive by the GoB didn’t need to return to Myanmar [42]. Involuntary repatriation additionally triggered households to disintegrate as their members of the family had been compelled to go away, as highlighted by a male refugee, ‘We had been with 9 in my household. Six had been repatriated by drive by the camp police. They took my spouse, our two kids, my brother, father, and mom. My two brothers and I had been some place else within the camp when our household was taken’ [42].

Quick human rights points: Family/group stage Political and financial Over the various years spent in camps, Rohingya refugees have had restricted mobility and in some instances haven’t been allowed to go exterior the camps with out an official allow, primarily to fulfill a member of the family in one other camp or for medical causes. These restrictions severely affected their primary rights of mobility, entry to liveli- hoods, meals, water, sanitation, and schooling. Refugees weren’t allowed to work exterior the camps, however with very restricted alternatives throughout the camps, financial constraints and restricted meals rations many had been compelled to hunt employment illegally exterior the camp. This fur- ther uncovered them to critical dangers together with: the necessity to bribe camp authorities to exit as they’re prohibited in any other case; harassment by the native police who typically tar- geted them as outsiders and arrested them for working; discrimination by native employers by paying them decrease wages and likewise by the native individuals who accused the Rohingya refugees for taking away their jobs. These re- strictions additionally compelled some refugees to dwell exterior

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Ta b le

1 C ha ra ct er is tic s of

pe er

re vi ew

ed st ud

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Sa m pl e

In te rv en

tio n

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ap pr ai sa l*

1. A kh te r S,

Ku sa ka be

Okay. (2 01 four)

[2 4]

G en

de r- ba se d Vi ol en

ce am

on g D oc um

en te d

Ro hello ng

ya Re fu ge

es in

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la de

sh H ig hl ig ht s th e ge

nd er -b as ed

vi ol en

ce am

on g

do cu m en

te d Ro

hello ng

ya re fu ge

es liv in g in

th e

Ku tu pa lo ng

ca m p in

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la de

sh .

Q ua lit at iv e, D ire ct

in te rv ie w s

N = 24

fe m al es

an d 19

m al es

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7/ 10

H ig h qu

al ity

1. C ra bt re e, Okay

(2 01 zero)

[4 5]

Ec on

om ic C ha lle ng

es an d C op

in g

M ec ha ni sm

s in

Pr ot ra ct ed

D is pl ac em

en t: A

C as e St ud

y of

th e Ro

hello ng

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si re s an d co nc er ns

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three/ 7

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qu al ity

1. M ilt on

,A .H

. et

al .( 20 17 ) [9 ]

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d in

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hello ng

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th e Ro

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eight/ 10

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al ity

1. M ah m oo

d SS

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Th e Ro

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1. Pr od

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. (2 01 7)

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in fo rm

an t

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an d ot he

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10 .W

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*Q ua lit y ap

pr ai sa ls co re s: (i)

Q ua lit at iv e: zero– three po

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m ed

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qu al ity ;( ii) Q ua nt ita tiv e: zero– 2 po

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iu m

qu al ity ,6 –7

hello gh

qu al ity ;( iii )M

ix ed

m et ho

ds :zero

po or

qu al ity ,1 –2

m ed

iu m

qu al ity ,three

hello gh

qu al ity

Wali et al. Archives of Public Well being (2018) 76:59 Web page 7 of 14

Ta b le

2 C ha ra ct er is tic s of

re po

rt s

St ud

y Ti tle

A im

s St ud

y de

si gn

Sa m pl e

In te rv en

tio n

Q ua lit y ap pr ai sa l*

1. A cc es s H ea lth

In te rn at io na l,

RT M

In te rn at io na l

H ea lth

ca re

at Ro

hello ng

ya Re fu ge

e ca m p:

A ca se

st ud

y on

RT M

In iti at iv e

C as e st ud

y of

RT M

in iti at iv es

of w or ki ng

w ith

Ro hello ng

ya re fu ge

es C as e st ud

y N A

Ye s

5/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

1. A m ne

st y

In te rn at io na l2 01 6

[4 3]

“W e ar e at

br ea ki ng

po in t” ,R oh

in gy a:

pe rs ec ut ed

in M ya nm

ar an d ne

gl ec te d

in Ba ng

la de

sh

Fa ct

fin di ng

re se ar ch

fo r st at us

an d hu

m an

rig ht s vi ol at io ns

of Ro

hello ng

ya s in

M ya nm

ar an d

Ba ng

la de

sh

Q ua lit at iv e,

D ire ct

in te rv ie w s &

ob se rv at io ns

N = 55

N o

5/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

1. A m er ic an

In te rn at io na lS ch oo

l, D ha ka ,2 00 5 [6 8]

Th e Ro

hello ng

ya Re fu ge

e si tu at io n in

Ba ng

la de

sh N ot

st at ed

Re vi ew

re po

rt N A

N o

2/ 6

Po or

qu al ity

1. D an ish

Im m ig ra tio

n Se rv ic e, 20 11

[4 8]

Ro hello ng

ya re fu ge

es in

Ba ng

la de

sh an d

Th ai la nd

Fa ct

fin di ng

m is si on

re la te d to

si tu at io n of

RR w ith

re ga rd s to

as yl um

cl ai m s m advert e in

D en

m ar okay

Q ua lit at iv e, D ire ct

in te rv ie w s

M ul tip

le st ak eh

ol de

rs N o

6/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

1. Fo ru m

A si a, 20 03

[4 7]

“W e ar e lik e a so cc er

ba ll,

ki ck ed

by Bu

rm a, ki ck ed

by Ba ng

la de

sh !”:

Ro hello ng

ya re fu ge

es in

Ba ng

la de

sh ar e

fa ci ng

a ne

w dr iv e of

in vo lu nt ar y

re pa tr ia tio

n

To hello gh

lig ht

th e fo rc ed

re pa tr ia tio

n of

RR s

Re po

rt s of

te st im

on ie s

N = 57

N o

four/ 6

M ed

iu m

qu al ity

1. G aw

he r N ay ee m ,H

. (1 99 four)

[4 9]

W om

en Re fu ge

es in

Ba ng

la de

sh .

Re po

rt in g of

O xf am

ac tiv iti es

in Ba ng

la de

sh .

Q ua lit at iv e re po

rt Ro

hello ng

ya re fu ge

es N A

three/ 6

M ed

iu m

qu al ity

1. KN

O M A D ,2 01 6 [5 2]

Re fu ge

es ’R ig ht

to W or okay an d A cc es s to

La bo

ur M ar ke ts – A n A ss es sm

en t

N A

N A

N A

N o

2/ 6

Po or

qu al ity

1. La rk in ,E m m a &

D un

lo p,

N ic .( 20 07 )

[5 1]

Bu rm

a’ s fo rg ot te n re fu ge

es St at us

of Ro

hello ng

ya re fu ge

es an d re fu ge

e ca m ps

Re po

rt N A

N A

four/ 6

M ed

iu m

qu al ity

1. M SF

– D oc to rs

w ith

ou t bo

rd er s,

20 02

[4 2]

Te n ye ar s of

Ro hello ng

ya Re fu ge

es in

Ba ng

la de

sh :p

as t, pr es en

t, fu tu re ,

Pr ov id es

an un

de rs ta nd

in g of

th e co nd

iti on

of th e Ro

hello ng

ya re fu ge

e no

w an d ov er

th e la st

de ca de

.

Q ua lit at iv e, Su rv ey

an d

ob se rv at io ns

N = 11 eight

N o

6/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

10 .M

SF – D oc to rs

w ith

ou t bo

rd er s,

20 07

[5 0]

Ta lm

ak es hello ft ca m p:

N o on

e sh ou

ld ha ve

to liv e lik e th is .T he

Ro hello ng

ya pe

op le

fro m

M ya nm

ar se ek in g re fu ge

in Ba ng

la de

sh

To do

cu m en

t RR

’s liv in g co nd

iti on

in a

m ak es hello ft ca m p in

Ba ng

la de

sh an d its

im pa ct

on th ei r ph

ys ic al an d m en

ta lh

ea lth

N A

N A

N o

5/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

11 .P hy si ci an s fo r

H um

an Ri gh

ts ,

20 10

[3 9]

St at el es s an d St ar vi ng

😛 er se cu te d

Ro hello ng

ya fle e Bu

rm a an d st ar ve

in Ba ng

la de

sh

N A

Q ua lit at iv e,

co ns ul ta tio

ns an d D Is

N = 10 zero

ho us eh

ol ds ,

25 RR s an d

30 ot he

r Ke y

in fo rm

an ts

N o

four/ 6

M ed

iu m

qu al ity

12 .R ef ug ee s St ud ie s

Ce nt re ,O

xf or d

U ni ve rs ity ,2 00 1 [5 5]

Ro hello ng

ya Re fu ge

e C hello ld re n in

C ox ’s

Ba za r, Ba ng

la de

sh A im

s to

pr ov id e a ba ck gr ou

nd to

th e Ro

hello ng

ya si tu at io n.

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