Posted: March 18th, 2022

Emergence of Earliest Cities and Civilizations

You will be given one of the following three prompts for the essay portion of the midterm and you will answer that prompt in essay format with an introduction, two or three body paragraphs, and a conclusion (four or five paragraphs altogether). Your paragraphs must be fully developed, you need a good thesis statement, and you need to support your arguments with specific examples (preferably primary sources, if applicable) and good explanations. We will discuss these during discussion this week. You are only allowed to use material from the lectures, discussions, the textbook, and the primary source book (not Wikipedia or external sources!). We will not mark off points for grammar or minor spelling mistakes as long as we understand the sentence or the word.

You will need to bring a blue book, the larger size (the notebooks you buy from the student store, not the primary source book) and a black or blue PEN to write legibly with. Do not write anything on or in the blue book, even your name.

Prompts:

1) Write my Essay Online Writing Service with Professional Essay Writers – Explain how natural, environmental, and geographical factors gave birth to the earliest cities and civilizations. How did they shape the society, religious worldview, and politics of early civilizations.

2) We have discussed the birth of the earliest cities and civilizations to the emergence of ever-larger empires. What were some of the strategies, institutions, and practices that empires innovated or adopted to help them maintain and consolidate their empire and keep public order?

3) Briefly explain the Indo-European migrations and discuss the connections between the various Indo-European peoples in matters of languages, religions, mythology, rituals with concrete examples (especially from the primary source book).
Emergence of Earliest Cities and Civilizations
Introduction
Over the years, people have had to move to improve their livelihoods. However, when people found resources, they remained in the locality to utilize the resources. Such occurrences led to the formation of small communities that become urban centers. The interaction of the people with geography and climate was relevant for expansion of the early civilizations. Civilization started when people choose agriculture engaging in hunting (Adams 25). Rivers formed a core part of the civilizations as they provided rich crops, fresh water, and food among others. Therefore, the growth of the early civilizations relied on the interactions with the natural and environmental factors.
1)
The emergence of the earliest cities and civilizations was significantly shaped by natural, environmental, and geographical factors. The formation of the early cities and societies relied on the existing natural, environmental and geographical aspects. Civilizations explains the complex ways of living, which came as way for people to create networks for urban settlements. Earliest civilizations emerged from 3000 BCE when there was a growth in agriculture and trade allowing people to have excess food and encouraging economic stability. Most individuals might not longer need to engage in farming and thus, allowing for the diverse aspects of professions and the interests to succeed in the civilizations.
Rivers that caused floods played a critical role in the development of early civilizations and cities. The first civilization emerged first in Mesopotamia, which is the current today Iraq and later, the civilizations emerged in Egypt. The civilizations become successful in Indus Valley by 2500 BCE in 论文帮助/论文写作服务/负担得起我及时提交我最好的质量 – China around 1500 BCE. The features of these civilizations were mainly shaped by the natural and the geographical aspects (Fagan and Chris 121). The key characteristics includes large population groupings, monumental architecture, shared communication approaches, administration of territories, and the division of social and economic classes.
The environmental factors includes the presence of government administration including bureaucracy structure that helps in the development of the civilizations. Other natural aspects includes the language of the people that was essential in the creation of the Roman infrastructure. The Romans relied on their Latin Language to expand their civilization around the Southern Europe. The Romance languages were critical and improving communication and leadership in Rome (Cole and Carol 23). These factors were critical in shaping the society, the religious worldview and politics of the early civilizations. Geographical factors including the presence of rivers and other physical features often helped sought to help people to form relevant political groupings.
2)
There are key strategies, institutions, and practices that helped in the maintaining and consolidation of the larger empires and keeping public order. In the Roman empire, they relied on the political offices and institutions as a way of preventing any individual from becoming powerful. The political systems was critical in preventing the growth of certain personalities in the society. The Roman empire was able to gain a significant part through extending the nature of citizenship to many citizens who had conquered effectively (Postgate 45). The concept of population movements is a significant factor that influences growth of the early civilizations. The movement of the populations was influential in the creation of larger empires in the society. For example, the invasion of the Gallic people within the Italian peninsula in the early 4th and 5th centuries. Military expansion within the Roman empire was useful in promoting economic development through the enslaving people and taking loots back to Rome that transformed the Roman city and culture.
Political institutions were essential in the development of the Roman empire and their early history. Rome was able to expand its influence over time as the political institutions was resilient and adaptable and thus, incorporate the diverse populations. The integration of the influence of the military institutions, political flexibility, and economic expansion activities was critical in the expansion of the early civilizations (Montgomery and Alok 76). Most civilizations helped to shape the political decisions and formation of relevant groups to grow the civilizations and larger empires such as the Roman Empire. To maintain public order, the early civilizations had a system of public institutions including the military and chiefdoms that helped to punish wrongdoers as a way of promoting social order.
3)
The Indo-European migrations defines the migrations of the pastoral people who spoke Proto-Indo-European language. The people had immigrated from Yamnaya and other associated cultures to the Indian and the modern Europe. The Indo-European people had various connections in terms of languages, rituals, religion, and mythology among others. The Greek, Latin, and Persians have common philogical similarities that were heavily borrowed from the Indo-European language (Barrington 101). The Celtic and German languages also depicts similar characteristics and they believed to emerge from a parent language. Following these findings, the understanding of the Indo-European phonetics has been compared to numerous language. Sound shifts in each of these languages and the changes in the semantic changes was critical in shaping the aligning religion. The reconstruction of the Indo-European languages also determined that the pastoral peoples had also similar myths, rituals and religion as a way of recovering their hypothetical origins. From an archeological perspective, all the ancient Indo-European peoples considered to be semi-settled pastoralists who mainly relies on herding cattle and other domesticated animals.
In conclusion, the development of the earliest cities and civilizations heavily relied on the key natural and environmental influences on the society. For example, urban centers started as small communities of domesticating animals and plants. Hunting was a common human activity that helped in the growth of the early civilizations. Political and military institutions helped to maintain order and growth of larger empires such as Roman empire in Italy. The movement of people from another location to another also helped to grow a certain area into a massive empire when populations were gathered together in the same location. The Indo-European migrations shows the influence of movement of people in spreading languages, myths, and religion in the society.

Works Cited
Adams, Richard EW. Ancient civilizations of the New World. London, UK: Routledge, 2018.
Barrington, Linda L. “The Mississippians and economic development before European colonization.” The Other Side Of The Frontier. Routledge, 2018. 100-116.
Cole, Joshua, and Carol Symes. Western civilizations: Their history & their culture (Vol. 1). New York, NY: WW Norton, 2014.
Fagan, Brian M., and Chris Scarre. Ancient civilizations. Routledge, 2016.
Montgomery, Scott L., and Alok Kumar. A history of science in world cultures: voices of knowledge. Routledge, 2015.
Postgate, Nicholas. Early Mesopotamia: society and economy at the dawn of history. Taylor & Francis, 2017.

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