Posted: January 17th, 2023

PHIL 103 Exam Four = Final Exam Multiple Choice

PHIL 103 Exam Four = Final Exam
Multiple Choice – circle the letter of the best answer. 6 points for each correct answer. 300 points total.
DUE: Graduating Seniors: Due December 4 (noon). Everyone else: Due December 13 (noon).
DO NOT HAND IN THIS TEST. ONLY HAND IN THE LAST PAGE, WRITE YOUR LETTER FOR EACH QUESTION.
Option one – print out the test. Write in your answers on the last page. Scan that answer page as a pdf. Call your file “LastName Exam One answers” – insert your last name. Upload that single-page pdf in Assignments.
Option two – read the test. Go get the Word .doc of the last page, the answers page, in Assignments. Fill in your answers using your word processor. Save your .doc as “LastName Exam One answers” – insert your own last name. Upload that single page .doc in Assignments to turn it in.
Option three – Help! I can’t make option 1 or 2 work!! Then click on the assignment and you can type in your answers into a text box like this: 1. C, 2. B, 3 D, etc. Submit that text box.
1. The Social Security system is a pay-as-you-go arrangement where contributions by today’s workers are paid out to yesterday’s retirees. If part of today’s contributions go into private retirement accounts, they cannot be paid out. To make up the shortage, the government would have to borrow massive amounts of money. Hence, Social Security privatization would cause a huge increase in the federal deficit.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: If part of today’s contributions … cannot be paid out.
c. Argument; conclusion: Social security privatization … federal deficit.
d. Argument; conclusion: The Social Security System … to yesterday’s retirees.
e. Argument; conclusion: To make up the shortage … massive amounts of money.
2. There are two approaches to testing hypotheses: inductive and deductive. In the inductive method, the scientist gathers empirical data and from it arrives at a generalization. The inductive method proceeds from specific observations to a general conclusion. Using a deductive method, a scientist develops a general idea about a phenomenon, performs experiments, and from them makes specific predictions that can be tested again.
a. Argument; conclusion: The inductive method … to a general conclusion.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: There are two approaches … inductive and deductive.
d. Argument; conclusion: using a deductive method … can be tested again.
e. Argument; conclusion: In the inductive method … at a generalization.
3. Cats can see in the dark because they have a special mirror-like layer of cells behind their retina called the tapetum lucidum. When light passes through the retina, it is reflected back through it by this layer of cells, and this provides additional stimulation to the retina’s light receptors.
a. Argument; conclusion: This provides additional … light receptors.
b. Argument; conclusion: When light passes through … by this layer of cells.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have a special … tapetum lucidum.
d. Argument; conclusion: Cats can see in the dark.
e. Nonargument.
4. The U.S. is the largest single market in the world in terms of national income. It represents roughly 25 percent of the total world market for all products and services. Thus, U.S. companies that wish to achieve maximum growth potential must “go global” because 75 percent of the world market potential is outside their home country.
a. Argument; conclusion: U.S. companies that wish … must “go global.”
b. Argument; conclusion: It represents … products and services.
c. Argument; conclusion: 75 percent of the world market … home country.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: The U.S. is the largest … national income.
5. Over the past decade, many graffiti artists have moved away from painting their signatures in the familiar wide-style lettering (a practice known as “tagging”). Instead, they make their mark with pictograms. Thus, a Belgian artist known as Plug appends large, cartoon electric plugs to machines in public places, while Cha, an academy-trained painter, adorns the walls of Barcelona with Picasso-influenced cats.
a. Argument; conclusion: Cha, an academy-trained … Picasso-influenced cats.
b. Argument; conclusion: Instead, they make their mark with pictograms.
c. Argument; conclusion: Over the past decade … (a practice known as “tagging”).
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: A Belgian artist known as Plug … in public places.
6. Sugar never spoils or gets moldy because it has an extremely low moisture content. This low moisture content dehydrates and kills microorganisms that might cause mold, and it impedes chemical changes that could cause spoilage.
a. Argument; conclusion: This low moisture content … that might cause mold.
b. Argument; conclusion: Sugar never spoils or gets moldy.
c. Argument; conclusion: It impedes chemical changes that could cause spoilage.
d. Argument; conclusion: It has an extremely low moisture content.
e. Nonargument.
7. Contrary to the assurances of the fast food industry, most fast foods are loaded with fat grams. For example, KFC’s Chunky Chicken Pot Pie has 42 fat grams, a Double Whopper with Cheese has 65, and an order of Mucho Grande Nachos has an incredible 82 fat grams.
a. Argument; conclusion: An order of Mucho Grande Nachos … 82 fat grams.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Most fast foods are loaded with fat grams.
d. Argument; conclusion: KFC’s Chunky Chicken Pot Pie has 42 fat grams.
e. Argument; conclusion: A Double Whopper with Cheese has 65.
8. Education in the United States is a system in crisis. Compared to their Asian and European counterparts, American students are poor academic performers, especially in sciences and in mathematics. Despite having received an education, millions of adults are functionally and culturally illiterate. Educational funding has been cut dramatically, and many school facilities are in dangerous states of disrepair.
a. Argument; conclusion: Education in the United States is a system in crisis.
b. Argument; conclusion: Despite having received … culturally illiterate.
c. Argument; conclusion: Compared to their Asian … sciences and in mathematics.
d. Argument; conclusion: Educational funding … dangerous states of disrepair.
e. Nonargument.
9. Photographs taken from space show that Earth is striking in its beauty. Blue oceans cover nearly three-fourths of the surface, broken by the continental land masses and scattered islands. The polar caps are white with snow and ice, and white clouds are scattered above the surface. At night, the glow of artificial lights clearly reveals the presence of an intelligent civilization.
a. Argument; conclusion: The polar caps … above the surface.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Blue oceans … scattered islands.
d. Argument; conclusion: At night, the glow … an intelligent civilization.
e. Argument; conclusion: Photographs taken from space … striking in its beauty.
10. Water is a highly reactive substance, quite different both physically and chemically from most other liquids. Indeed, life as we know it would be impossible if water did not have the properties it does. The first living systems presumably arose in the aqueous environment of shallow seas. It is therefore not surprising that the living organisms of the present are adapted at the molecular level to the special properties of water.
a. Argument; conclusion: Water is a highly reactive … most other liquids.
b. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, life as we know it … the properties it does.
c. Argument; conclusion: It is not surprising … properties of water.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: The first living systems … shallow seas.
11. If prisoners are discharged without any skills, then they will return to a life of crime. If prisoners are unable to get jobs, then they will return to a life of crime. Thus, if prisoners are discharged without any skills, then they will be unable to get jobs.
a. Deductive, invalid.
b. Deductive, valid.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Inductive, strong.
12. According to a widely respected poll, 60% of the voters in Pennsylvania support Amelia Kerrigan for Governor. Therefore, Kerrigan will probably win, since the election is only two days away.
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Inductive, cogent.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Deductive, invalid.
13. All terrorist leaders are secluded megalomaniacs. No secluded megalomaniacs are lovers of humanity. Therefore, no terrorist leaders are lovers of humanity.
a. Deductive, sound.
b. Deductive, valid.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Inductive, weak.
14. Ashley detests Isabel, and Isabel detests Francesca. Therefore, it necessarily follows that Ashley detests Francesca.
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Inductive, uncogent.
e. Deductive, valid.
15. No symbols of equality are threats to civil order, for no gay marriages are threats to civil order, and all gay marriages are symbols of equality.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument?
a. No S are T. b. No G are T. c. All G are S. d. If G then T. e. All S are G.
No G are T. All G are S. No S are T. If G then S. No G are T.
All G are S. No S are T. No G are T. If S then T. No S are T.
16. Which of the following substitutions proves the argument in Problem 15 invalid?
a. S = mammals, T = fish, G = dogs.
b. S = cats, T = fish, G = mammals.
c. G = cats, S= mammals, T = fish.
d. T = humble spirits, S = adventurous characters, G = creative individuals.
e. G = dogs, T = cats, S = animals.
17. Which of the following statements has primarily cognitive meaning?
a. The movie at the Roxie is fabulous.
b. Google is currently hiring programmers.
c. Marty’s jokes are really funny.
d. I love your new hair do.
e. Some computer games are lots of fun to play.
18. Which of the following statements expresses a value claim?
a. Aldous Huxley wrote Brave new World.
b. The market capitalization of Wal-Mart is greater than that of Target.
c. The goodness or badness of a human action is determined by its consequences.
d. The Yankees are the best team in major league baseball.
e. Christo’s project in Central Park cost $21 million.
19. Which of the following statements is vague?
a. Bob’s dog is six years old.
b. Wine is an alcoholic beverage.
c. Mr. Harris, my neighbor, is wealthy.
d. Lung cancer can be fatal.
e. Cathy told Margaret that she won a prize.
20. Which of the following statements is ambiguous?
a. Professor Andrews talked about sex with his students.
b. Frances lost the election for student body president.
c. Frank’s wife bought him a digital camera.
d. Rene Descartes was born in 1596.
e. The problems on this math test are easy.
21. Which of the following are all denoted by the term “country”?
a. Nation, state, homeland, region.
b. Paris, France, Berlin, Germany.
c. Berlin, Paris, Ottawa, Rio de Janeiro.
d. Autonomous, populated, bordered, governed.
e. Germany, France, Write my essay for me – CA Essay writer Canada, Brazil.
22. Which of the following are all connoted by the term “surgeon”?
a. Hospital, anesthesia, scalpel, oxygen.
b. Surgery, pain, recovery, scarring.
c. Dexterous, educated, skilful, experienced.
d. Nurse, doctor, therapist, aid.
e. Dr. Bennett, Dr. Adams, Dr. Thompson, Dr. Kaiser.
23. Which of the following pairs of terms have the same extension?
a. Currently living dinosaur, unicorn.
b. Dog, cat.
c. City, state.
d. George Washington, Abraham Lincoln.
e. King, queen.
24. Which of the following groups of terms are in the order of increasing intension?
a. Food, desert, pie, cherry pie.
b. Dessert, pie, food, cherry pie.
c. Cherry pie, pie, dessert, food.
d. Pie, food, cherry pie, dessert.
e. Dessert, food, pie, cherry pie.
25. Which of the following groups of terms is in the order of increasing extension.
a. Elected official, citizen, U.S. Senator, Member of Congress.
b. Citizen, elected official, U.S. Senator, Member of Congress.
c. Citizen, elected official, Member of Congress, U.S. Senator.
d. U.S. Senator, Member of Congress, elected official, citizen.
e. Member of Congress, U.S. Senator, citizen, elected official.
26. The definition “‘Corsair’ means a ship used by pirates” is an example of:
a. An enumerative definition.
b. A synonymous definition.
c. A stipulative definition.
d. A demonstrative definition.
e. A definition by genus and difference.
27. The definition “‘Organ’ means a heart, liver, kidney, or pancreas” is an example of:
a. A demonstrative definition.
b. A medical definition.
c. A definition by subclass.
d. A stipulative definition.
e. An enumerative definition.
28. The definition “A pot roast is ‘cooked’ if and only if a thermometer reads at least 155° F when inserted into the thickest part” is an example of:
a. A persuasive definition.
b. An operational definition.
c. A precising definition.
d. A military definition.
e. A theoretical definition.
29. In the definition “‘Connoisseur’ means a person especially competent to pass critical judgments in an art or in matters of taste” the genus term is:
a. Person.
b. Art.
c. Connoisseur.
d. Matters of taste.
e. Especially competent to pass critical judgments in an art or in matters of taste.
30. In the definition “Spirit means the animating principle of life” the species term is:
a. Animating principle of life.
b. Principle.
c. Life.
d. Animating.
e. Spirit.
31. In the definition “‘Mask” means a covering for the face, worn to conceal one’s identity” the difference words are (select the best answer):
a. Worn to conceal one’s identity.
b. Covering for the face, worn to conceal one’s identity.
c. Mask, identity.
d. For the face, worn to conceal one’s identity.
e. Covering.
32. As a lexical definition, the definition “‘Royal’ means pertaining to royalty” may be criticized as:
a. Negative.
b. Failing to indicate the context to which the definiens pertains.
c. Being circular.
d. Being affective.
e. Failing to convey the essential meaning of the word being defined.
33. As a lexical definition, the definition “‘House’ means a structure made of wood and intended for human habitation” may be criticized as:
a. Failing to indicate the context to which the definiens pertains.
b. Being vague.
c. Being too broad.
d. Being circular.
e. Being too narrow.
34. As a lexical definition, the definition “‘Considerate’ means not being inconsiderate” may be criticized as:
a. Being affective.
b. Being vague.
c. Being negative.
d. Being figurative.
e. Failing to convey the essential meaning of the word being defined.
35. Either you buy me a new Rolex watch, or I’ll be late for all my meetings. I’m sure you don’t want me to be late, so you’ll buy me the Rolex.
a. Complex question.
b. Begging the question.
c. No fallacy.
d. Appeal to force.
e. False dichotomy.
36. The Contract Clause of the Constitution gives everyone the right to enter into contracts. Therefore, it should be legal to hire a hit man to bump off that guy who’s been pestering you.
a. Appeal to force.
b. You, too (tu quoque).
c. Accident.
d. Missing the point.
e. No fallacy.
37. Nobody has ever seen Janice Rogers eat beef, chicken, lamb, pork, or any other kind of meat. We conclude that Janice is not a meat eater.
a. No fallacy.
b. False cause.
c. Appeal to ignorance.
d. Hasty generalization.
e. Suppressed evidence.
38. Dr. Williams cheated Medicare by exaggerating expenses, and Dr. Fox cheated by submitting fees for nonexistent patients. Dr. Harris defrauded a dozen insurance companies by requiring unneeded lab tests. The apparent conclusion is that all doctors cheat.
a. Argument against the person, abusive.
b. No fallacy.
c. Red herring.
d. Hasty generalization.
e. Composition.
39. In testimony to the court, Harold Geyser, President of the American Accounting Society, said that the CFO of the Abracadabra Corporation falsified the corporation’s financial statements. Therefore, members of the jury, you must conclude that the CFO did indeed falsify these statements.
a. Amphiboly.
b. No fallacy.
c. Appeal to unqualified authority.
d. False cause.
e. Begging the question.
40. Whatever is bright is intelligent. But the sun is extremely bright. Therefore, the sun is extremely intelligent.
a. Division.
b. Begging the question.
c. Equivocation.
d. No fallacy.
e. Amphiboly.
41. My dear, you shouldn’t hesitate a minute before buying a new mink coat. Real fur is in right now, and a full mink is the ultimate in fashion. It says that you have exquisite taste and the financial means to express it.
a. False dichotomy.
b. No fallacy.
c. Argument against the person, circumstantial.
d. Slippery slope.
e. Appeal to the people.
42. Scientists have identified a “God gene,” which they think is responsible for the widespread belief in a deity. Obviously God planted that gene in humans to ensure their belief in God.
a. False cause.
b. Begging the question.
c. Appeal to unqualified authority.
d. Missing the point.
e. No fallacy.
43. Jason’s quartz watch runs about 3 years and 4 months on a fresh battery. Therefore, probably David’s watch, which is the same make and model as Jason’s, runs about 3 years and 4 months on a fresh battery.
a. Accident.
b. False cause.
c. Weak analogy.
d. No fallacy.
e. Hasty generalization.
44. Jessica has played 8 games of Bingo without winning a single game. Therefore, her chances are much better for winning the next game.
a. False cause.
b. Missing the point.
c. No fallacy.
d. Weak analogy.
e. Argument against the person, circumstantial.
45. Sugar is sweet. Therefore, its chemical components, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are sweet.
a. Missing the point.
b. False cause.
c. Division.
d. No fallacy.
e. Composition.
46. After returning from a month-long vacation, Robert turned the key in his usually reliable Camry, but nothing happened. The car must have a dead battery.
a. Accident.
b. No fallacy.
c. False cause.
d. Composition.
e. Appeal to ignorance.
47. The use of marijuana for medical purposes should never be allowed. Before long it will be marijuana for anyone who wants it. Then it will be hash, cocaine, and crack. In no time they’ll want crystal, ecstasy, and heroine. In the end everyone will be so drugged out they won’t be able to see straight.
a. Appeal to force.
b. No fallacy.
c. Begging the question.
d. False cause.
e. Slippery slope.
48. The death penalty is clearly immoral. This is so because life is intrinsically valuable. And this follows from the fact that human beings are ends in themselves. And we know this is true because human beings have a right not to be killed—which follows from the fact that the state has no right to take human life. And why is this true? Because the death penalty is clearly immoral.
a. False cause.
b. Slippery slope.
c. Begging the question.
d. No fallacy.
e. Equivocation.
49. Andrew said he petted his dog reading a newspaper. Andrew must have a very intelligent dog.
a. No fallacy.
b. Appeal to ignorance.
c. Equivocation.
d. Amphiboly.
e. False cause.
50. “Greensleeves” is a lovely tune. Therefore, every note of “Greensleeves” is a lovely tune.
a. Division.
b. Accident.
c. Composition.
d. Weak analogy.
e. No fallacy.
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